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. 2014 Apr 23:9:1909-17.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S60274. eCollection 2014.

Preparation and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend bionanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/ZnO-Ag multifunctional nanosized filler

Susan Azizi  1 , Mansor Bin Ahmad  1 , Mohd Zobir Hussein  1 , Nor Azowa Ibrahim  1 , Farideh Namvar  2
Affiliations

Preparation and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend bionanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/ZnO-Ag multifunctional nanosized filler

Susan Azizi et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

A series of novel bionanocomposites were cast using different contents of zinc oxide-silver nanoparticles (ZnO-AgNPs) stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as multifunctional nanosized fillers in poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan (PVA/Cs) matrices. The morphological structure, mechanical properties, ultraviolet-visible absorption, and antimicrobial properties of the prepared films were investigated as a function of their CNC/ZnO-AgNP content and compared with PVA/chitosan/CNC bionanocomposite films. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopic analyses showed that the CNC/ZnO-AgNPs were homogeneously dispersed in the PVA/Cs matrix and the crystallinity increased with increasing nanosized filler content. Compared with pure PVA/Cs, the tensile strength and modulus in the films increased from 0.055 to 0.205 GPa and from 0.395 to 1.20 GPa, respectively. Ultraviolet and visible light can be efficiently absorbed by incorporating ZnO-AgNPs into a PVA/Cs matrix, suggesting that these bionanocomposite films show good visibility and ultraviolet-shielding effects. The bionanocomposite films had excellent antimicrobial properties, killing both Gram-negative Salmonella choleraesuis and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The enhanced physical properties achieved by incorporating CNC/ZnO-AgNPs could be beneficial in various applications.

Keywords: antimicrobial properties; bionanocomposite; cellulose nanocrystals; multifunctional nanofiller; poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Transmission electron microscopic image (A) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (B) of CNC/ZnO-AgNPs. Abbreviations: AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; CNC, cellulose nanocrystals; ZnO, zinc oxide.
Figure 2
Figure 2
X-ray diffraction patterns for CNC/ZnO-AgNPs (A), PVA/Cs blend (B), and bionanocomposites from 1.0 to 7.0 wt% (C–F) nanosized filler loading. Abbreviations: AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; CNC, cellulose nanocrystals; ZnO, zinc oxide; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); Cs, chitosan.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Field emission scanning electron micrographs of upper surfaces (A and C) and cross-sections (B and D) of PVA/Cs/CNC 1.0 wt% and PVA/Cs/CNC/ZnO-Ag 5.0 wt% bionanocomposites, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (E) of PVA/Cs/CNC/ZnO-Ag bionanocomposite. Abbreviations: CNC, cellulose nanocrystals; ZnO, zinc oxide; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); Cs, chitosan.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) Tensile strength and elongation at break of PVA/Cs/CNC/ZnO-Ag and PVA/Cs/CNC bionanocomposites. (B) Tensile modulus of PVA/Cs/CNC/ZnO-Ag and PVA/Cs/CNC bionanocomposites. (C) Ultraviolet spectra of CNC/ZnO-AgNPs (a), PVA/Cs/CNC (b), and PVA/Cs/CNC/ZnO-Ag bionanocomposites from 1.0 to 7.0 wt% filler loading (c–f). Abbreviations: CNC, cellulose nanocrystals; ZnO, zinc oxide; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); Cs, chitosan.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Inhibition zone images of PVA/Cs/CNC/ZnO-Ag bionanocomposites against (A) Gram-positive and (B) Gram-negative bacteria. Abbreviations: CNC, cellulose nanocrystals; ZnO, zinc oxide; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); Cs, chitosan.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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