Status epilepticus

Abstract

Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency resulting from prolonged Clinical or electroencephalographic seizure activity. Refractory SE refers to the persistence of seizure activity despite the initiation of first- and second-line anticonvulsant therapy. Sinister outcomes are often attributed to the etiology of SE. Despite randomized multicentre trials of established and promising therapeutic options, the management and prognostication in SE are fraught with challenges. Neither the duration of SE nor time-delay to initiation of therapy should discourage the aggressive approach to the management of SE. Neurointensive care of patients with SE consists of an algorithmic approach tailored to the etiology and systemic complications that arise as a consequence. This approach is also driven by the persistence of electrographic seizure activity, which is best followed with continuous EEG monitoring. The extent of patient support has to be augmentative to the degree of encephalopathy/coma and impairment of vital functions. Potential interactions of anticonvulsant drugs with other co-medications need to be considered during the course of treatment. This review discusses the existing literature on the epidemiological aspects, clinical approach, treatment and prognostication of SE.