C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and incident clinical depression

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.023

. 2014 Jul:163:25-32.

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.023. Epub 2014 Mar 27.

C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and incident clinical depression

Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya¹, Fariba Mirzaei², Eilis J O'Reilly³, Michel Lucas⁴, Olivia I Okereke⁵, Frank B Hu⁶, Eric B Rimm⁶, Alberto Ascherio⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: pchocano@hsph.harvard.edu.
² Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
³ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

PMID: 24836084
PMCID: PMC4029945
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.023

C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and incident clinical depression

Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya et al. J Affect Disord. 2014 Jul.

. 2014 Jul:163:25-32.

doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.023. Epub 2014 Mar 27.

Authors

Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya¹, Fariba Mirzaei², Eilis J O'Reilly³, Michel Lucas⁴, Olivia I Okereke⁵, Frank B Hu⁶, Eric B Rimm⁶, Alberto Ascherio⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: pchocano@hsph.harvard.edu.
² Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
³ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

PMID: 24836084
PMCID: PMC4029945
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.023

Abstract

Background: Despite an extensive literature on the role of inflammation and depression, few studies have evaluated the association between inflammatory biomarkers and depression in a prospective manner, and results are inconclusive.

Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis of blood levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNFα-R2 in 4756 women participating in the Nurses׳ Health Study who donated blood in 1990 and were depression-free up to 1996. Participants were followed between 1996 and 2008 for reports of clinical diagnosis depression or antidepressant use. Additionally, we conducted cross-sectional analyses for CRP, IL-6 and TNFα-R2 and antidepressant use at time of blood draw.

Results: After adjustment for body mass index, menopause status, use of anti-inflammatory drugs and other covariates, no significant associations between CRP, IL-6 and TNFα-R2 and incident depression were observed after a follow-up of 6-18 years. However, menopause status appears to modify the association between IL-6 and depression risk. In cross-sectional analyses, TNFα-R2 was associated with antidepressant use (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.23-3.13, P-trend=0.001), but no significant associations were found for CRP and IL-6.

Limitations: Depression diagnosis was first assessed in 1996, 6 years after blood draw. However the biomarkers have high within-person correlations with measurements 4 years apart.

Conclusions: Blood levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNFα-R2 were not associated with incident depression over a follow-up of 6-18 years. In cross-sectional analyses, antidepressant use may be associated with higher levels of TNFα-R2 but no associations with depression or antidepressant use were observed in the prospective analysis.

Keywords: C-reactive protein; Depression; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Prospective study; Soluble tumor necrosis factor – receptor 2.

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References

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1. Baune BT, Smith E, Reppermund S, Air T, Samaras K, Lux O, Brodaty H, Sachdev P, Trollor JN. Inflammatory biomarkers predict depressive, but not anxiety symptoms during aging: The prospective Sydney Memory and Aging Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:1521. - PubMed
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[1] Aderka D. The potential biological and clinical significance of the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cytokine growth factor rev. 1996;7:231–240. - PubMed

[2] Aderka D. The potential biological and clinical significance of the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cytokine growth factor rev. 1996;7:231–240. - PubMed

[3] Baune BT, Smith E, Reppermund S, Air T, Samaras K, Lux O, Brodaty H, Sachdev P, Trollor JN. Inflammatory biomarkers predict depressive, but not anxiety symptoms during aging: The prospective Sydney Memory and Aging Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:1521. - PubMed

[4] Baune BT, Smith E, Reppermund S, Air T, Samaras K, Lux O, Brodaty H, Sachdev P, Trollor JN. Inflammatory biomarkers predict depressive, but not anxiety symptoms during aging: The prospective Sydney Memory and Aging Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:1521. - PubMed

[5] Berwick DM, Murphy JM, Goldman PA, Ware JE, Barsky AJ, Weinstein MC. Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Med. Care. 1991;29:169–176. - PubMed

[6] Berwick DM, Murphy JM, Goldman PA, Ware JE, Barsky AJ, Weinstein MC. Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Med. Care. 1991;29:169–176. - PubMed

[7] Diniz B, Teixeira A, Talib L, Mendonϛa VA, Gattaz W, Forlenza O. Increased soluble TNF receptor 2 in antidepressant-free patients with late-life depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2010;44:917–920. - PubMed

[8] Diniz B, Teixeira A, Talib L, Mendonϛa VA, Gattaz W, Forlenza O. Increased soluble TNF receptor 2 in antidepressant-free patients with late-life depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2010;44:917–920. - PubMed

[9] Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctot KL. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 2010;67:446–457. - PubMed

[10] Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctot KL. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 2010;67:446–457. - PubMed

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C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and incident clinical depression

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C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and incident clinical depression

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