Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia

Abstract

Reports of methamphetamine-related emergency room visits suggest that elevated body temperature is a universal presenting symptom, with lethal overdoses generally associated with extreme hyperthermia. This review summarizes the available information on methamphetamine toxicity as it pertains to elevations in body temperature. First, a brief overview of thermoregulatory mechanisms is presented. Next, central and peripheral targets that have been considered for potential involvement in methamphetamine hyperthermia are discussed. Finally, future areas of investigation are proposed, as further studies are needed to provide greater insight into the mechanisms that mediate the alterations in body temperature elicited by methamphetamine.

Keywords: Autonomic nervous system; Hyperthermia; Methamphetamine; Reactive oxygen species; Thermoregulation; Toxicity.

Fig. 1

Methamphetamine causes hyperthermia through a variety of mechanisms involving numerous systems. Methamphetamine causes neurotransmitter release and increased metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, methamphetamine can increase heart rate and result in hyperactivity, leading to increased heat production in the periphery. Vasoconstriction is another consequence of methamphetamine exposure, which results in a decreased ability of the body to rid itself of the increased heat resulting from these effects.