Evaluation of the agonist PET radioligand [¹¹C]GR103545 to image kappa opioid receptor in humans: kinetic model selection, test-retest reproducibility and receptor occupancy by the antagonist PF-04455242

Abstract

Introduction: Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) are implicated in several brain disorders. In this report, a first-in-human positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted with the potent and selective KOR agonist tracer, [(11)C]GR103545, to determine an appropriate kinetic model for analysis of PET imaging data and assess the test-retest reproducibility of model-derived binding parameters. The non-displaceable distribution volume (V(ND)) was estimated from a blocking study with naltrexone. In addition, KOR occupancy of PF-04455242, a selective KOR antagonist that is active in preclinical models of depression, was also investigated.

Methods: For determination of a kinetic model and evaluation of test-retest reproducibility, 11 subjects were scanned twice with [(11)C]GR103545. Seven subjects were scanned before and 75 min after oral administration of naltrexone (150 mg). For the KOR occupancy study, six subjects were scanned at baseline and 1.5 h and 8 h after an oral dose of PF-04455242 (15 mg, n=1 and 30 mg, n=5). Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured and all scans were 150 min in duration. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were analyzed with 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1TC and 2TC) and the multilinear analysis (MA1) method to derive regional volume of distribution (V(T)). Relative test-retest variability (TRV), absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) and intra-class coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess test-retest reproducibility of regional VT. Occupancy plots were computed for blocking studies to estimate occupancy and V(ND). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PF-04455242 was determined from occupancies and drug concentrations in plasma. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) was also estimated.

Results: Regional TACs were well described by the 2TC model and MA1. However, 2TC VT was sometimes estimated with high standard error. Thus MA1 was the model of choice. Test-retest variability was ~15%, depending on the outcome measure. The blocking studies with naltrexone and PF-04455242 showed that V(T) was reduced in all regions; thus no suitable reference region is available for the radiotracer. V(ND) was estimated reliably from the occupancy plot of naltrexone blocking (V(ND)=3.4±0.9 mL/cm(3)). The IC50 of PF-04455242 was calculated as 55 ng/mL. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) value was estimated as 0.069 nmol/L.

Conclusions: [(11)C]GR103545 PET can be used to image and quantify KOR in humans, although it has slow kinetics and variability of model-derived kinetic parameters is higher than desirable. This tracer should be suitable for use in receptor occupancy studies, particularly those that target high occupancy.

Keywords: (11)C-GR103545; Kappa opioid receptor; Occupancy plot; PF-04455242; Positron emission tomography (PET); Test–retest.

Figure 1

Mean ± SD of (A) total plasma activity, (B) parent fraction in the plasma, and (C) metabolite-corrected plasma activity over time after injection of [¹¹C]GR103545 in the test (closed circles, n = 11) and retest (open circles, n = 11) scans. Panels (A) and (C) are displayed in SUV unit [concentration / (injected dose/body weight)].

Figure 2

Mean ± SD of (A) total plasma activity, (B) parent fraction in the plasma, and (C) metabolite-corrected plasma activity over time after injection of [¹¹C]GR103545 in the baseline scan (closed circles, n = 7) and blocking scans with naltrexone (open circles, n = 7). Panels (A) and (C) are displayed in SUV unit [concentration / (injected dose/body weight)].

Figure 3

A: MR images. B-D: typical example of co-registered PET images summed from 30 to 90 min after injection of [¹¹C]GR103545. B: test scan C: retest scan D: post-naltrexone scan. Activity is expressed in SUV [concentration / (injected dose/body weight)].

Figure 4

Typical example of regional time-activity curves in 6 ROIs after injection of [¹¹C]GR103545 at test (A), retest (B), naltrexone blocking (C), and 1.5 h post-PF-04455242 (D) scans. For each region, the symbols correspond to the measured activities and the lines are the values fitted to the MA1 model (t* = 40 min).

Figure 5

Example of occupancy plots using distribution volumes from a pair of baseline and blocking scans at 1.5 h (circles) and 8 h (squares) post-PF-04455242.

Figure 6

The relationship between PF-04455242 plasma concentration and KOR occupancy. KOR occupancy values were estimated from the occupancy plot with all regions except for the amygdala. Each symbol corresponds to data from a single subject at post-dose scan #1 (1.5 h after PF-04455242) and post-dose scan #2 (8 h after PF-04455242). The solid curve shows the fit to the single-site occupancy model.

Figure 7

Correlations between regional BP_F estimates of [¹¹C]GR103545 and in vitro KOR B_max values from Table 5. Ten ROIs were used: amygdala (AMY), insula (INS), temporal cortex (TMP), frontal cortex (FRO), globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PUT), caudate (CAU), cingulate cortex (CIN), hippocampus (HIP), and thalamus (THA). For CIN, BP_F values were computed as the unweighted average between anterior and posterior values. The regression equation was derived as B_max = 0.069 × BP_F (R² = 0.51).