Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014 May 19;11(5):5431-44.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph110505431.

Geographical distribution patterns of iodine in drinking-water and its associations with geological factors in Shandong Province, China

Jie Gao  1 , Zhijie Zhang  2 , Yi Hu  3 , Jianchao Bian  4 , Wen Jiang  5 , Xiaoming Wang  6 , Liqian Sun  7 , Qingwu Jiang  8
Affiliations

Geographical distribution patterns of iodine in drinking-water and its associations with geological factors in Shandong Province, China

Jie Gao et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

County-based spatial distribution characteristics and the related geological factors for iodine in drinking-water were studied in Shandong Province (China). Spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial scan statistic were applied to analyze the spatial characteristics. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) studies were conducted to explore the relationship between water iodine level and its related geological factors. The spatial distribution of iodine in drinking-water was significantly heterogeneous in Shandong Province (Moran's I = 0.52, Z = 7.4, p < 0.001). Two clusters for high iodine in drinking-water were identified in the south-western and north-western parts of Shandong Province by the purely spatial scan statistic approach. Both GLMs and GWR indicated a significantly global association between iodine in drinking-water and geological factors. Furthermore, GWR showed obviously spatial variability across the study region. Soil type and distance to Yellow River were statistically significant at most areas of Shandong Province, confirming the hypothesis that the Yellow River causes iodine deposits in Shandong Province. Our results suggested that the more effective regional monitoring plan and water improvement strategies should be strengthened targeting at the cluster areas based on the characteristics of geological factors and the spatial variability of local relationships between iodine in drinking-water and geological factors.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The location of study area—Shandong Province in China.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of iodine in drinking-water in Shandong province, China.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spatial clusters detected by Local Moran’s I in Shandong Province, China.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Spatial distributions of the detected clusters of high iodine areas in Shandong Province, China.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The coefficients of risk factors in Geographically Weighted Regression.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The p values of risk factors in geographically weighted regression.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization . Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programmer Managers. 3rd ed. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2007.
    1. Delange F., Bürgi H., Chen Z., Dunn J. World status of monitoring iodine deficiency disorders control programs. Thyroid. 2002;12:915–924. doi: 10.1089/105072502761016557. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zhao J., Wang P., Shang L., Sullivan K.M., van der Haar F., Maberly G. Endemic goiter associated with high iodine intake. Am. J. Public Health. 2000;90:1633–1635. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1633. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Teng W., Shan Z., Teng X., Guan H., Li Y., Teng D., Jin Y., Yu X., Fan C., Chong W. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;354:2783–2793. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa054022. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sang Z., Wei W., Zhao N., Zhang G., Chen W., Liu H., Shen J., Liu J., Yan Y., Zhang W. Thyroid dysfunction during late gestation is associated with excessive iodine intake in pregnant women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012;97:1363–1369. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2594. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources