Health economic impact of high-dose versus standard-dose cytarabine induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia

Abstract

Background: Induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is one of the most resource-intensive cancer therapies delivered in hospitals.

Aims: To assess the health resource impact of different chemotherapy approaches for AML commonly used in Australia.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken in 63 patients aged 18-55 years with AML given induction with either 7 + 3 (cytarabine 100 mg/m(2) days 1-7 and idarubicin 12 mg/m(2) days 1-3) or HiDAC-3 (high-dose cytarabine 3 g/m(2) twice daily days 1, 3, 5 and 7 and idarubicin 12 mg/m(2) days 1-3) chemotherapy. Average costs of hospitalisation, pathology, radiology, chemotherapy and ancillary drugs were calculated and compared with current Victorian casemix funding. Two consolidation approaches, HiDAC (cytarabine 3 g/m(2) twice daily days 1, 3, 5 and 7) × either three or four cycles (following 7 + 3) and IcE (idarubicin 12,mg/m(2) days 1-2, cytarabine 100 mg/m(2) × 5 days and etoposide 75 mg/m(2) × 5 days) × 2 cycles (following HiDAC-3) were modelled, using a policy of discharge following completion of chemotherapy with outpatient monitoring.

Results: The cost (in AUD) of induction was similar between 7 + 3 ($58,037) and HiDAC-3 ($56,902), with bed day costs accounting for 61-62% of the total expense. Blood bank costs ranked second, accounting for 15%. Accumulated costs for HiDAC consolidation were $44,289 for a three-cycle protocol and $59,052 for four cycles ($14,763 per cycle) versus $31,456 for two cycles of IcE consolidation ($15,728 per cycle). Overall, the classical 7 + 3 → HiDAC approach ($102,326/$117,089 for three or four consolidation cycles) incurs a greater cost than a HiDAC-3 → IcE × 2 approach ($88,358). For patients requiring complete hospitalisation until neutrophil recovery, the estimated costs of treatment will be even higher, ranging between $122,282 for HiDAC-3 → IcE × 2, $153,212 for 7 + 3 → HiDAC × 3 and $184,937 for 7 + 3 → HiDAC × 4. State-based casemix funding for non-complicated AML therapy is currently $74,013 for 7 + 3 → HiDAC × 4, $64,177 for 7 + 3 → HiDAC × 3 and $54,340 for HiDAC-3 → IcE × 2 based on outpatient recovery after consolidation chemotherapy. These calculations do not take into account additional resource implications associated with complications of consolidation chemotherapy or reinduction for treatment failure.

Conclusion: Regimens minimising the total number of chemotherapy cycles may represent the most efficient use of limited health resources for the treatment of AML.

Keywords: HiDAC; acute myeloid leukaemia; cost effectiveness; cytarabine.