Therapeutic apheresis in renal transplantation; current practices

Abstract

Apheresis is an important treatment modality for the removal of pathologic antibodies and circulating proteins in kidney transplantation. The use of apheresis has been shown to be a necessary preconditioning component in ABO incompatible kidney transplant. Removal of pathologic anti-A and anti-B antibodies has been accomplished with a variety of apheresis modalities including plasma exchange, fractional plasma exchange, and immunoabsorption techniques. Using these modalities in conjunction with potent modern immunosuppression, ABO incompatible kidney transplants have achieved graft and patient survivals similar to that seen in ABO compatible transplants. Apheresis has also been an important modality in the removal of anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies both for the purposes of desensitization and treatment of antibody mediated rejection of the kidney. Although good randomized controlled trials are lacking in the treatment of acute antibody mediated rejection, most treatment regimens include the use of apheresis as an essential component for reduction of anti-HLA antibody titers. Similarly, a variety of desensitization protocols have been developed to allow highly sensitized kidney transplant candidates to be successfully transplanted in the presence of donor-specific HLA antibodies. Most of these protocols involve apheresis to improve the removal of pathologic antibodies. Finally, aphereis has been used with mixed success for the treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Evidence indicates that in some cases a circulating factor exists which apheresis can remove and ameliorate the nephrotic proteinuria.

Keywords: ABO incompatible; allograft rejection; desensitization; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; kidney transplantation; renal transplant.