Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8

. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):766-81.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8. Epub 2014 May 29.

Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Marie Ng¹, Tom Fleming¹, Margaret Robinson¹, Blake Thomson¹, Nicholas Graetz¹, Christopher Margono¹, Erin C Mullany¹, Stan Biryukov¹, Cristiana Abbafati², Semaw Ferede Abera³, Jerry P Abraham⁴, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh⁵, Tom Achoki⁶, Fadia S AlBuhairan⁷, Zewdie A Alemu⁸, Rafael Alfonso⁹, Mohammed K Ali¹⁰, Raghib Ali¹¹, Nelson Alvis Guzman¹², Walid Ammar¹³, Palwasha Anwari¹⁴, Amitava Banerjee¹⁵, Simon Barquera¹⁶, Sanjay Basu¹⁷, Derrick A Bennett¹¹, Zulfiqar Bhutta¹⁸, Jed Blore¹⁹, Norberto Cabral²⁰, Ismael Campos Nonato¹⁶, Jung-Chen Chang²¹, Rajiv Chowdhury²², Karen J Courville²³, Michael H Criqui²⁴, David K Cundiff²⁵, Kaustubh C Dabhadkar¹⁰, Lalit Dandona²⁶, Adrian Davis²⁷, Anand Dayama¹⁰, Samath D Dharmaratne²⁸, Eric L Ding²⁹, Adnan M Durrani³⁰, Alireza Esteghamati³¹, Farshad Farzadfar³¹, Derek F J Fay²⁷, Valery L Feigin³², Abraham Flaxman¹, Mohammad H Forouzanfar¹, Atsushi Goto³³, Mark A Green³⁴, Rajeev Gupta³⁵, Nima Hafezi-Nejad³¹, Graeme J Hankey³⁶, Heather C Harewood³⁷, Rasmus Havmoeller³⁸, Simon Hay¹¹, Lucia Hernandez¹⁶, Abdullatif Husseini³⁹, Bulat T Idrisov⁴⁰, Nayu Ikeda⁴¹, Farhad Islami⁴², Eiman Jahangir⁴³, Simerjot K Jassal⁴⁴, Sun Ha Jee⁴⁵, Mona Jeffreys⁴⁶, Jost B Jonas⁴⁷, Edmond K Kabagambe⁴⁸, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa⁴⁹, Andre Pascal Kengne⁵⁰, Yousef Saleh Khader⁵¹, Young-Ho Khang⁵², Daniel Kim⁵³, Ruth W Kimokoti⁵⁴, Jonas M Kinge⁵⁵, Yoshihiro Kokubo⁵⁶, Soewarta Kosen⁵⁷, Gene Kwan⁵⁸, Taavi Lai⁵⁹, Mall Leinsalu⁶⁰, Yichong Li⁶¹, Xiaofeng Liang⁶², Shiwei Liu⁶², Giancarlo Logroscino⁶³, Paulo A Lotufo⁶⁴, Yuan Lu²⁹, Jixiang Ma⁶², Nana Kwaku Mainoo⁶⁵, George A Mensah⁶⁶, Tony R Merriman⁶⁷, Ali H Mokdad¹, Joanna Moschandreas⁶⁸, Mohsen Naghavi¹, Aliya Naheed⁶⁹, Devina Nand⁷⁰, K M Venkat Narayan¹⁰, Erica Leigh Nelson¹, Marian L Neuhouser⁷¹, Muhammad Imran Nisar¹⁸, Takayoshi Ohkubo⁷², Samuel O Oti⁷³, Andrea Pedroza¹⁶, Dorairaj Prabhakaran⁷⁴, Nobhojit Roy⁷⁵, Uchechukwu Sampson⁴⁸, Hyeyoung Seo⁷⁶, Sadaf G Sepanlou⁷⁷, Kenji Shibuya⁷⁸, Rahman Shiri⁷⁹, Ivy Shiue⁸⁰, Gitanjali M Singh²⁹, Jasvinder A Singh⁸¹, Vegard Skirbekk⁵⁵, Nicolas J C Stapelberg⁸², Lela Sturua⁸³, Bryan L Sykes⁸⁴, Martin Tobias¹, Bach X Tran⁸⁵, Leonardo Trasande⁸⁶, Hideaki Toyoshima⁸⁷, Steven van de Vijver⁷³, Tommi J Vasankari⁸⁸, J Lennert Veerman⁸⁹, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez⁹⁰, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov⁹¹, Stein Emil Vollset⁹², Theo Vos¹, Claire Wang⁹³, XiaoRong Wang⁹⁴, Elisabete Weiderpass⁹⁵, Andrea Werdecker⁹⁶, Jonathan L Wright⁹⁷, Y Claire Yang⁹⁸, Hiroshi Yatsuya⁹⁹, Jihyun Yoon¹⁰⁰, Seok-Jun Yoon¹⁰¹, Yong Zhao¹⁰², Maigeng Zhou⁶¹, Shankuan Zhu¹⁰³, Alan D Lopez¹⁹, Christopher J L Murray¹, Emmanuela Gakidou¹⁰⁴

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA.
² "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
³ School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁴ University of Texas School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁵ Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeti University, Ramallah, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory.
⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA; Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana.
⁷ King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
⁹ University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁰ Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹¹ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹² Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
¹³ Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁴ UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan.
¹⁵ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁶ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
¹⁷ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Aga Khan University Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁹ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
²⁰ Universidad de Joinville-Univille, Joinville, Brazil.
²¹ National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²² University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²³ Hospital Dr. Gustavo N. Collado, Chitre, Herrera, Panama.
²⁴ University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
²⁵ Independent Researcher, Long Beach, CA, USA.
²⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
²⁷ Public Health England, London, UK.
²⁸ University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
²⁹ Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.
³⁰ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda and Montgomery, MD, USA.
³¹ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³² National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
³³ Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
³⁴ University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
³⁵ Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India.
³⁶ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
³⁷ Eunice Gibson Polyclinic, Bridgetown, Barbados.
³⁸ Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
³⁹ Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah, Palestine.
⁴⁰ Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
⁴¹ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴² American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴³ Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
⁴⁴ VA San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
⁴⁵ Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
⁴⁶ University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴⁸ Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
⁴⁹ Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar.
⁵⁰ South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵¹ Jordan University of Science and Technology, AlRamtha, Jordan.
⁵² Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
⁵³ Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁴ Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁵ The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁵⁶ Department of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
⁵⁷ Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy & Informatics, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁵⁸ Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁹ Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶⁰ The National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶¹ National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
⁶² Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
⁶³ University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
⁶⁴ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Xpharmconsult, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁶⁶ Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science (CTRIS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda and Montgomery, MD, USA.
⁶⁷ University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
⁶⁸ University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
⁶⁹ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁷⁰ Ministry of Health, Suva, Republic of Fiji.
⁷¹ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁷² Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷³ African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁷⁴ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
⁷⁵ BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
⁷⁶ Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.
⁷⁷ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁸ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷⁹ Finnish institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
⁸⁰ Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
⁸¹ University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁸² Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
⁸³ National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁸⁴ University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA USA.
⁸⁵ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁶ NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁸⁷ Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Japan.
⁸⁸ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
⁸⁹ University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁹⁰ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Enfermagem, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁹¹ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
⁹² The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁹³ Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁹⁴ Shandong University affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China.
⁹⁵ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹⁶ Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Hessen, Germany.
⁹⁷ School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹⁸ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁹⁹ Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
¹⁰¹ Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
¹⁰² Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
¹⁰³ Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.
¹⁰⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: gakidou@uw.edu.

PMID: 24880830
PMCID: PMC4624264
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8

Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Marie Ng et al. Lancet. 2014.

. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):766-81.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8. Epub 2014 May 29.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA.
² "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
³ School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁴ University of Texas School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁵ Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeti University, Ramallah, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory.
⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA; Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana.
⁷ King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
⁹ University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁰ Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹¹ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹² Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
¹³ Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁴ UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan.
¹⁵ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁶ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
¹⁷ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Aga Khan University Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁹ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
²⁰ Universidad de Joinville-Univille, Joinville, Brazil.
²¹ National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²² University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²³ Hospital Dr. Gustavo N. Collado, Chitre, Herrera, Panama.
²⁴ University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
²⁵ Independent Researcher, Long Beach, CA, USA.
²⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
²⁷ Public Health England, London, UK.
²⁸ University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
²⁹ Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.
³⁰ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda and Montgomery, MD, USA.
³¹ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³² National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
³³ Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
³⁴ University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
³⁵ Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India.
³⁶ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
³⁷ Eunice Gibson Polyclinic, Bridgetown, Barbados.
³⁸ Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
³⁹ Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah, Palestine.
⁴⁰ Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
⁴¹ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴² American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴³ Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
⁴⁴ VA San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
⁴⁵ Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
⁴⁶ University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴⁸ Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
⁴⁹ Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar.
⁵⁰ South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵¹ Jordan University of Science and Technology, AlRamtha, Jordan.
⁵² Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
⁵³ Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁴ Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁵ The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁵⁶ Department of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
⁵⁷ Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy & Informatics, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁵⁸ Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁹ Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶⁰ The National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
⁶¹ National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
⁶² Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
⁶³ University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
⁶⁴ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Xpharmconsult, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁶⁶ Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science (CTRIS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda and Montgomery, MD, USA.
⁶⁷ University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
⁶⁸ University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
⁶⁹ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁷⁰ Ministry of Health, Suva, Republic of Fiji.
⁷¹ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁷² Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷³ African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁷⁴ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
⁷⁵ BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
⁷⁶ Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.
⁷⁷ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁸ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷⁹ Finnish institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
⁸⁰ Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
⁸¹ University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁸² Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
⁸³ National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁸⁴ University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA USA.
⁸⁵ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁶ NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁸⁷ Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Japan.
⁸⁸ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
⁸⁹ University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁹⁰ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Enfermagem, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁹¹ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
⁹² The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁹³ Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
⁹⁴ Shandong University affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China.
⁹⁵ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹⁶ Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Hessen, Germany.
⁹⁷ School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹⁸ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁹⁹ Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
¹⁰¹ Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
¹⁰² Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
¹⁰³ Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.
¹⁰⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: gakidou@uw.edu.

PMID: 24880830
PMCID: PMC4624264
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8

Erratum in

Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):746

Abstract

Background: In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3·4 million deaths, 3·9% of years of life lost, and 3·8% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparable, up-to-date information about levels and trends is essential to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision makers to prioritise action. We estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013.

Methods: We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n=1769) that included data for height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports. We used mixed effects linear regression to correct for bias in self-reports. We obtained data for prevalence of obesity and overweight by age, sex, country, and year (n=19,244) with a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).

Findings: Worldwide, the proportion of adults with a body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m(2) or greater increased between 1980 and 2013 from 28·8% (95% UI 28·4-29·3) to 36·9% (36·3-37·4) in men, and from 29·8% (29·3-30·2) to 38·0% (37·5-38·5) in women. Prevalence has increased substantially in children and adolescents in developed countries; 23·8% (22·9-24·7) of boys and 22·6% (21·7-23·6) of girls were overweight or obese in 2013. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased in children and adolescents in developing countries, from 8·1% (7·7-8·6) to 12·9% (12·3-13·5) in 2013 for boys and from 8·4% (8·1-8·8) to 13·4% (13·0-13·9) in girls. In adults, estimated prevalence of obesity exceeded 50% in men in Tonga and in women in Kuwait, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2006, the increase in adult obesity in developed countries has slowed down.

Interpretation: Because of the established health risks and substantial increases in prevalence, obesity has become a major global health challenge. Not only is obesity increasing, but no national success stories have been reported in the past 33 years. Urgent global action and leadership is needed to help countries to more effectively intervene.

Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Age–standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI>=25) and obesity (BMI>=30), ages 20+ years, by sex, 1980–2013

**Figure 2**
Age–standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity, and obesity alone (based on IOTF cutoffs), ages 2–19 years, by sex, 1980–2013

**Figure 3**
Prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI>=25) and obesity (BMI>=30), by age and sex, 2013

**Figure 4**
Prevalence of obesity (BMI>=30) by age across birth cohorts for males and females in developed and developing countries

**Figure 5A**
Age–standardized prevalence of obesity (BMI>=30), ages 20+ years, males, 2013

**Figure 5B**
Age–standardized prevalence of obesity (BMI>=30), ages 20+ years, females, 2013

**Figure 5C**
Age–standardized prevalence of obesity (based on IOTF cutoffs), ages 2–19 years, males, 2013

**Figure 5D**
Age–standardized prevalence of obesity (based on IOTF cutoffs), ages 2–19 years, females, 2013

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Reducing the global prevalence of overweight and obesity.
McPherson K. McPherson K. Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):728-30. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60767-4. Epub 2014 May 29. Lancet. 2014. PMID: 24880831 No abstract available.
Obesity: global trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Morgen CS, Sørensen TI. Morgen CS, et al. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Sep;10(9):513-4. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.124. Epub 2014 Jul 22. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014. PMID: 25048038
[Unchecked epidemic of obesity].
Klein F. Klein F. Gesundheitswesen. 2014 Sep;76(8-9):464-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1389937. Epub 2014 Sep 10. Gesundheitswesen. 2014. PMID: 25208131 German.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults.
Keating C, Backholer K, Peeters A. Keating C, et al. Lancet. 2014 Dec 13;384(9960):2107-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62367-9. Lancet. 2014. PMID: 25497193 No abstract available.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults - authors' reply.
Gakidou E. Gakidou E. Lancet. 2014 Dec 13;384(9960):2108. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62368-0. Lancet. 2014. PMID: 25497196 No abstract available.
Perspective: Look beyond production.
Ingram J. Ingram J. Nature. 2017 Apr 26;544(7651):S17. doi: 10.1038/544S17a. Nature. 2017. PMID: 28445453 No abstract available.

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[1] Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:22. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:22. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants. The Lancet. 2011;377:557–67. - PMC - PubMed

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Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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