The forgotten grammatical category: Adjective use in agrammatic aphasia

Abstract

Background: In contrast to nouns and verbs, the use of adjectives in agrammatic aphasia has not been systematically studied. However, because of the linguistic and psycholinguistic attributes of adjectives, some of which overlap with nouns and some with verbs, analysis of adjective production is important for testing theories of word class production deficits in agrammatism.

Aims: The objective of the current study was to compare adjective use in agrammatic and healthy individuals, focusing on three factors: overall adjective production rate, production of predicative and attributive adjectives, and production of adjectives with complex argument structure.

Method & procedures: Narratives elicited from 14 agrammatic and 14 control participants were coded for open class grammatical category production (i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives), with each adjective also coded for its syntactic environment (attributive/predicative) and argument structure.

Outcomes & results: Overall, agrammatic speakers used adjectives in proportions similar to that of cognitively healthy speakers. However, they exhibited a greater proportion of predicative adjectives and a lesser proportion of attributive adjectives, compared to controls. Additionally, agrammatic participants produced adjectives with less complex argument structure than controls.

Conclusions: The overall normal-like frequency of adjectives produced by agrammatic speakers suggests that agrammatism does not involve an inherent difficulty with adjectives as a word class or with predication, or that it entails a deficit in processing low imageability words. However, agrammatic individuals' reduced production of attributive adjectives and adjectives with complements extends previous findings of an adjunction deficit and of impairment in complex argument structure processing, respectively, to the adjectival domain. The results suggest that these deficits are not tied to a specific grammatical category.

Keywords: adjectives; adjunction; agrammatic aphasia; argument structure; grammatical categories; narrative speech.

Figure 1

Selected slices from the T1 MRI images of scanned participants

Figure 2

percent of words from different grammatical categories - adjectives (A), verbs (V) and nouns (N) - out of total content words in the agrammatic and control groups

Figure 3

Percentage of predicative and attributive adjectives out of all adjectives in agrammatic and control participants (columns do not add up to 100% because of unclassifiable adjectives)

Figure 4

Correlation between proportion of verbs and proportion of predicative adjectives in the agrammatic and control groups