Spatial patterns of human papillomavirus-associated cancers within the state of Minnesota, 1998-2007

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women is a concern because it is considered a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Male HPV infection is also an important concern, both for the HPV-associated cancer burden in men and for the risk of transmission to women. Effective screening programs have greatly reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality. HPV vaccines are expected to further reduce the burden of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. However, disparities in terms of screening and HPV vaccination exist across the United States. In order to accurately identify areas of disparity, the spatial distributions of HPV-associated cancers has to be determined. To date, the geographic distribution and pattern exhibited by all HPV-associated cancers that accounts for spatial dependence have not been analyzed at a local level (i.e. county or ZIP code). This study analyzed the spatial dependence and pattern of HPV-associated cancers in Minnesota from 1998 to 2007 using sparse spatial generalized linear mixed models and scan statistics for cluster detection. A strong clustering pattern was seen in the northern region of Minnesota for both men and women. Separate cluster analyses by gender identified areas of overlapping disease burden. The patterns observed in this analysis demonstrate the need to account for spatial dependence when analyzing disease rates for geographic areas (i.e. county or ZIP codes) since spatial analyses of HPV-associated cancers have the potential to identify areas with the highest HPV disease burden and may serve to uncover areas where policies and HPV vaccination strategies can be most beneficial.

Keywords: Cancer; HPV; HPV vaccine; Human papillomavirus; Spatial epidemiology.