Elective intubation

Abstract

Endotracheal intubation is a commonly performed operating room (OR) procedure that provides safe delivery of anesthetic gases and airway protection during surgery. The most common intubation technique in the perioperative environment is direct laryngoscopy with orotracheal tube insertion. Infrequently, difficulties that require an alternative intubation technique are encountered due to patient anatomy, equipment limitations, or patient pathophysiology. Careful patient evaluation, advanced planning, equipment preparation, system redundancy, use of checklists, familiarity with airway algorithms, and availability of additional help when needed during OR intubations have resulted in exceptional success and safety. Airway difficulties during intubation outside the controlled environment of the OR are more frequent and more serious. Translating the intubation processes practiced in the OR to intubations outside the perioperative setting should improve patient safety. This paper considers each step in the OR intubation process in detail and proposes ways of incorporating perioperative procedures into intubations outside the OR. Management of the physiologic impact of intubation, lack of readily available specialized equipment and experienced help, and planning for transfer of care following intubation are all challenges during these intubations.

Keywords: airway emergency; artificial airway; difficult airway; difficult intubation; direct laryngoscopy; endotracheal tube; fiberoptic intubation; manual ventilation; tracheal intubation.