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Review
. 2014 May 26:5:226.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00226. eCollection 2014.

Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus

Takeshi Saraya  1 , Daisuke Kurai  1 , Haruyuki Ishii  1 , Anri Ito  1 , Yoshiko Sasaki  2 , Shoichi Niwa  2 , Naoko Kiyota  3 , Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi  2 , Kunihisa Kozawa  2 , Hajime Goto  1 , Hajime Takizawa  1
Affiliations
Review

Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus

Takeshi Saraya et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Viral respiratory infections may be associated with the virus-induced asthma in adults as well as children. Particularly, human rhinovirus is strongly suggested a major candidate for the associations of the virus-induced asthma. Thus, in this review, we reviewed and focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of virus-induced asthma with special reference on human rhinovirus. Furthermore, we added our preliminary data regarding the clinical and virological findings in the present review.

Keywords: asthma exacerbation; epidemiology; human rhinovirus; pathophysiology; treatment.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
HRV attaches to airway epithelial cells via ICAM-1, LDLR, and unknown receptors for HRV-C. HRV infected bronchial epithelial cells secrete a wide range of cytokines (IFN-β, IFN-λ, IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF) and chemokines (CXCL10/IP-10, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL8/IL-8) together with NO, VEGF, and EGF, FGF, amphiregulin and activin A. These cytokines and chemokines attract various inflammatory cells such as DCs with upregulation of FcεR1, lym, Eo, Neut, and Mϕ. The VEGF, EGF, FGF, amphiregulin and activin A promote the release of matrix proteins from fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, which enhance the production of MMP9 from airway epithelial cells. These phenomena could lead to airway remodeling (dotted area; i.e., thickening of the lamina reticularis). HRV infection induces secretion of MUC5AC, which impairs mucociliary clearance. DCs, dendritic cells; EGF, epidermal growth factor; Eo, eosinophil; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; LDRL, low-density lipoprotein receptor; Lym, lymphocyte; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Mϕ, macrophage; Neut, neutrophil; NO, nitric oxide synthase; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A) Shows a patchy GGO with thickening of interlobular septa in a 28-year-old woman who was admitted during an asthma attack induced by HRV-A. (B) Also shows GGO in a 62-year-old man with an asthma attack caused by HRV-C infection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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