The complex relationship between cell division and the control of differentiation in oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte progenitor cells isolated from perinatal and adult rat optic nerves

Abstract

By studying the response of a well-defined progenitor cell to two well-defined mitogens, we have been able to provide a dramatic example of the complex relationships which can exist between the control of cell division and the control of differentiation. In previous studies we have described the development of the oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell, a glial progenitor cell isolated from the rat optic nerve. Although originally described as a bipotential cell, we have recently identified a new differentiation pathway in this lineage. We have found that O-2Aperinatal progenitors, with properties appropriate for early development, give rise to O-2Aadult progenitors, which have stem cell-like properties more appropriate to the physiological needs of adult animals. Our studies thus indicate that the population of O-2Aperinatal progenitors is tripotential, and also suggests a possible developmental origin for self-renewing stem cells. Moreover, the properties of O-2Aadult progenitor cells may provide a cellular biological basis for understanding the failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis. The division of both O-2Aperinatal and O-2Aadult progenitors is stimulated by type-1 astrocytes (which are themselves derived from a separate glial lineage) but this cell-cell interaction promotes different programs of differentiation in the two progenitor populations. The effects of type-1 astrocytes on perinatal and adult progenitors appears to be mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and this mitogen will also induce different programs of differentiation in the two progenitor populations. Moreover, the patterns of differentiation promoted by PDGF are different from those promoted by fibroblast growth factor (FGF), demonstrating that the modulation of division can be distinguished from the modulation of differentiation.