Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Jun 10;2014(6):CD001918.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001918.pub3.

Dietary interventions (plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, soy protein and dietary fibers) for familial hypercholesterolaemia

Anita Malhotra  1 , Nusrat Shafiq, Anjuman Arora, Meenu Singh, Rajendra Kumar, Samir Malhotra
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Dietary interventions (plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, soy protein and dietary fibers) for familial hypercholesterolaemia

Anita Malhotra et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A cholesterol-lowering diet and several other dietary interventions have been suggested as a management approach either independently or as an adjuvant to drug therapy in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the most appropriate dietary treatment. Plant sterols are commonly used in FH although patients may know them by other names like phytosterols or stanols.

Objectives: To examine whether a cholesterol-lowering diet is more effective in reducing ischaemic heart disease and lowering cholesterol than no dietary intervention in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Further, to compare the efficacy of supplementing a cholesterol-lowering diet with either omega-3 fatty acids, soya proteins, plant sterols or plant stanols.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register, which is compiled from electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (updated with each new issue of The Cochrane Library), quarterly searches of MEDLINE and the prospective handsearching of one journal - Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. Most recent search of the Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register: 22 August 2013. We also searched PubMed to 05 February 2012.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, both published and unpublished, where a cholesterol-lowering diet in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia has been compared to other forms of dietary treatment or to no dietary intervention were included.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed the trial eligibility and risk of bias and one extracted the data, with independent verification of data extraction by a colleague.

Main results: In the 2014 update of the review, 15 trials have been included, with a total of 453 participants across seven comparison groups. The included trials had either a low or unclear risk of bias for most of the parameters used for risk assessment. Only short-term outcomes could be assessed due to the short duration of follow up in the included trials. None of the primary outcomes, (incidence of ischaemic heart disease, number of deaths and age at death) were evaluated in any of the included trials. No significant differences were noted for the majority of secondary outcomes for any of the planned comparisons. However, a significant difference was found for the following comparisons and outcomes: for the comparison between plant sterols and cholesterol-lowering diet (in favour of plant sterols), total cholesterol levels, mean difference 0.30 mmol/l (95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.48); decreased serum LDL cholesterol, mean difference -0.60 mmol/l (95% CI -0.89 to -0.31). Fasting serum HDL cholesterol levels were elevated, mean difference -0.04 mmol/l (95% CI -0.11 to 0.03) and serum triglyceride concentration was reduced, mean difference -0.03 mmol/l (95% CI -0.15 to -0.09), although these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, guar gum when given as an add on therapy to bezafibrate reduced total cholesterol and LDL levels as compared to bezafibrate alone.

Authors' conclusions: No conclusions can be made about the effectiveness of a cholesterol-lowering diet, or any of the other dietary interventions suggested for familial hypercholesterolaemia, for the primary outcomes: evidence and incidence of ischaemic heart disease, number of deaths and age at death,due to the lack of data on these. Large, parallel, randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate the effectiveness of a cholesterol-lowering diet and the addition of omega-3 fatty acids, plant sterols or stanols, soya protein, dietary fibers to a cholesterol-lowering diet.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None declared.

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to no dietary intervention or nutritional advice, Outcome 1 Fasting serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to no dietary intervention or nutritional advice, Outcome 2 Fasting serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to no dietary intervention or nutritional advice, Outcome 3 Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to no dietary intervention or nutritional advice, Outcome 4 Fasting serum triglyceride concentration (mmol/l).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to no dietary intervention or nutritional advice, Outcome 5 Fasting serum apolipoprotein A1 concentration (g/l).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to no dietary intervention or nutritional advice, Outcome 6 Fasting serum apolipoprotein B‐100 concentration (g/l).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 ω‐fatty acids added to background cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 1 Fasting serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 ω‐fatty acids added to background cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 2 Fasting serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 ω‐fatty acids added to background cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 3 Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 ω‐fatty acids added to background cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 4 Fasting serum triglyceride concentration (mmol/l).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 ω‐fatty acids added to background cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 5 Fasting serum apolipoprotein A1 concentration (g/l).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 ω‐fatty acids added to background cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 6 Fasting serum apolipoprotein B‐100 concentration (g/l).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Plant stanols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet alone, Outcome 1 Fasting serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Plant stanols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet alone, Outcome 2 Fasting serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Plant stanols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet alone, Outcome 3 Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Plant stanols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet alone, Outcome 4 Fasting serum triglyceride concentration (mmol/l).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Plant sterols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 1 Fasting serum total cholesterol concentration(mmol/l).
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Plant sterols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 2 Fasting serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Plant sterols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 3 Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Plant sterols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 4 Fasting serum triglyceride concentration (mmol/l).
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Plant sterols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 5 Fasting serum apolipoprotein A1concentration (g/l).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Plant sterols added to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 6 Fasting serum apolipoprotein B‐100 concentratiom (g/l).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 1 Fasting serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 2 Fasting serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 3 Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 4 Fasting serum triglyceride concentration (mmol/l).
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 5 Fasting serum apolipoprotein A1 concentration (g/l).
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 6 Fasting serum apolipoprotein B‐100 concentration (g/l).
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 7 Weight (kg).
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 8 Height (cm).
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Soy protein in addition to cholesterol‐lowering diet compared to cholesterol‐lowering diet, Outcome 9 Body mass index.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 1 Fasting serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 2 Fasting serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 3 Fasting serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/l).
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 4 Fasting serum triglyceride concentration (mmol/l).
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 5 Fasting serum apolipoprotein A1 concentration (g/l).
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 6 Fasting serum apolipoprotein B‐100 concentration (g/l).
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Dietary fibers as a form of dietary intervention compared to another form of dietary intervention or drug or no treatment, Outcome 7 Weight.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Amundsen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Amundsen AL, Ose L, Nenseter MS, Ntanios FY. Plant sterol ester‐enriched spread lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(2):338‐44. - PubMed
Balestrieri 1996 {published data only}
    1. Balestrieri GP, Maffi V, Sleiman I, Spandrio S, Stefano O, Salvi A, et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Recenti Progressi in Medicina 1996;87(3):102‐5. - PubMed
Chisholm 1992 {published data only}
    1. Chisholm A, Mann J, Sutherland W, Williams S, Ball M. Dietary management of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with Simvastatin. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1992;85(2‐3):825‐31. - PubMed
    1. Chisholm A, Sutherland W, Ball M. The effects of dietary fat content on plasma noncholesterol sterol concentrations in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with simvastatin. Metabolism 1994;43(3):310‐4. - PubMed
Engler 2004 {published data only}
    1. Engler MM, Engler MG, Malloy M, Chiu E, Besio D, Paul S, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY Study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2004;42(12):672‐9. - PubMed
Guardamagna 2011a {published data only}
    1. Guardamagna O, Abello F, Baracco V, Stasiowska B, Martino F. The treatment of hypercholesterolemic children: efficacy and safety of a combination of red yeast rice extract and policosanols. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2011;21(6):424‐9. - PubMed
Gylling 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research 1995;36:1807‐12. - PubMed
Ketomäki 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ketomaki AM, Gyllling H, Antikaimen M, Simes MA, Miettinen TA. Red cell and plasma plant sterols are related during consumption of plant sterols are related during consumption of plant stanol ester spreads in children with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Pediatrics 2003;142(5):524‐31. - PubMed
Ketomäki 2004a {published data only}
    1. Ketomäki A, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Removal of intravenous Intralipid in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia during inhibition of cholesterol absorption and synthesis. Clinica Chimica Acta 2004;344(1‐2):83‐93. - PubMed
Ketomäki 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ketomäki A, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Non‐cholesterol sterols in serum, lipoproteins and red cells in statin‐treated familial hypercholesterolemia subjects off and on plant stanol and sterol ester spreads. Clinica Chimica Acta 2005;353(1‐2):75‐86. - PubMed
Laurin 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jacques H, Laurin D, Moorjani S, Steinke M, Gagne C, Brun D, et al. Influence of diets containing cow's milk or soy protein beverage on plasma lipids in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Journal of American College of Nutrition 1992;11 Suppl:69‐73. - PubMed
    1. Laurin D, Jacques H, Moorjani S, Steinke F, Gagne C, Brun D, et al. Effects of a soy‐protein beverage on plasma lipoproteins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;54:98‐103. - PubMed
Neil 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Neil HA, Meijer GW, Roe LS. Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol‐enriched fat spread. Atherosclerosis 2001;156(2):329‐37. - PubMed
Nigon 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nigon F, Serfaty‐Lacrosnière C, Beucler I, Chauvois D, Neveu C, Giral P, et al. Plant sterol‐enriched margarine lowers plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic subjects with low cholesterol intake: effect of fibrate treatment. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2001;39(7):634‐40. - PubMed
O'Neill 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. O'Neill FH, Brynes A, Mandeno R, Rendell N, Taylor G, Seed M, et al. Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2004;14(3):133‐42. - PubMed
Wirth 1982 {published data only}
    1. Wirth A, Middelhoff G, Braeuning Ch, Schlierf G. Treatment of familial hyperholesterolemia with combination of bezafibrate and guar. Atherosclerosis 1982;45:291‐7. - PubMed
Wolfe 1992 {published data only}
    1. Wolfe BM. Potential role of raising dietary protein intake for reducing risk of atherosclerosis. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1995;11 Suppl G:127G‐31G. - PubMed
    1. Wolfe BM, Giovannetti PM. High protein diet complements resin therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 1992;15(4):349‐59. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbey 1990 {published data only}
    1. Abbey M, Clifton P, Kestin M, Belling B, Nestel P. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(1):85‐94. - PubMed
Abbey 1993a {published data only}
    1. Abbey M, Belling B, Noakes M, Hirata F, Nestel P. Oxidation of low‐density lipoproteins: intraindividual variability and the effect of dietary linoleate supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;57(3):391‐8. - PubMed
Abbey 1993b {published data only}
    1. Abbey M, Nestel P, Baghurst PA. Antioxidant vitamins and low‐density lipoprotein oxidation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;58(4):525‐32. - PubMed
Abrahamson 1974 {published data only}
    1. Abrahamson H, Gustafson A, Ohlson R. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in hyperlipoproteinemia. Nutrition Metabolism 1974;17(6):337‐9. - PubMed
Ahmed 1984 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed AA, Holub BJ. Alteration and recovery of bleeding times, platelet aggregation and fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in platelets of human subjects receiving a supplement of cod liver oil. Lipids 1984;19(8):617‐24. - PubMed
Ahrens 1954 {published data only}
    1. Ahrens EH, Blankenhorn DH, Tsaltas TT. Effect on human serum lipids of substituting plant for animal fat in the diet. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1954; Vol. 86:872. - PubMed
Ahrens 1957 {published data only}
    1. Ahrens EH, Insull W, Blomstrand R, Hirsch J, Tsaltas TT, Peterson ML. The influence of dietary fats on serum lipid levels in man. Lancet 1957;86:943‐53. - PubMed
Ahrens 1959 {published data only}
    1. Ahrens EH, Insull W, Hirsch J, Stoffel W, Peterson ML, Farquhur JW, et al. The effect on human serum lipids of a dietary fat, highly unsaturated, but poor in essential fatty acids. Lancet 1959;i:115. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Am Acad Paed 1972 {published data only}
    1. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Childhood diet and coronary heart disease. Pediatrics 1972;49(2):305‐7. - PubMed
Amundsen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Amundsen AL, Ntanios F, Put N, Ose L. Long‐term compliance and changes in plasma lipids, plant sterols and carotenoids in children and parents with FH consuming plant sterol ester‐enriched spread. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;58(12):1612‐20. - PubMed
Anderson 1957 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JT, Keys A, Grande F. The effects of different food fats on serum cholesterol concentrations in man. Journal of Nutrition 1957;62(3):421. - PubMed
Anderson 1976 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JT, Grande F, Keys A. Independence of the effects of cholesterol and degree of saturation of the fat diet on serum cholesterol in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1976;29(11):1784‐9. - PubMed
Anderson 1980 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JT, Chen WL, Sieling B. Hypolipidemic effects of high‐carbohydrate, high‐fibre diets. Metabolism 1980;29:551‐8. - PubMed
Anderson 1984a {published data only}
    1. Anderson JW, Story L, Sieling B, Chen W‐JL, Petro MS, Story J. Hypercholesterolemic effects of oat‐bran or bean intake for hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;40:1146‐55. - PubMed
Anderson 1984b {published data only}
    1. Anderson JW, Story L, Sieling B, Chen WL. Hypocholesterolemic effects of high fibre diets rich in water soluble plant fibres. Journal of the Canadian Dietetic Association 1984;45:140‐9.
Asherio 1995 {published data only}
    1. Asherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Willet WC. Dietary intake of marine n‐3 fatty acids and the risk of coronary disease among men. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332:977‐82. - PubMed
Atkinson 1987 {published data only}
    1. Atkinson PM, Wheeler MC, Mendelsohn D, Pienaar N, Chetty N. Effects of a four week fresh water fish (trout) diet on platelet aggregation, platelet fatty acids, serum lipids and coagulation factors. American Journal of Hematology 1987;24:143‐9. - PubMed
Baggio 1988 {published data only}
    1. Baggio G, Pagnan A, Muraca M, Martini S, Opportuno A, Bonanome A, et al. Olive oil enriched diet: effect on serum lipoprotein and biliary cholesterol saturation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;47:960‐4. - PubMed
Bartram 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bartram P, Geriarch S, Scheppach W, Keller F, Kasper H. Effect of single oat bran cereal breakfast on serum cholesterol, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in patients with hyperlipoproteiemia type IIa. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992;16:533‐7. - PubMed
Becker 1983 {published data only}
    1. Becker N, Illingworth DR, Alaupovic P, Connor WE, Sundberg EE. Effects of saturated, monounsaturated and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;37:355‐60. - PubMed
Becker 1993 {published data only}
    1. Becker M, Staab D, Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. Journal of Pediatrics 1993;122:292‐6. - PubMed
Beil 1991 {published data only}
    1. Beil FU, Terres W, Orgass M, Heimer G. Dietary fish oils lower lipoprotein(a) in primary hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1991;90:95‐7. - PubMed
Beitz 1981 {published data only}
    1. Beitz J, Mest HJ, Forster W. Influence of linseed oil diet on the pattern of serum phospholipids in man. Acta Biologica Medica Germanica 1981;40:31‐5. - PubMed
Berg 1991 {published data only}
    1. Berg Schmidt E, Klausen IC, Kristensen SD, Lervang HH, Faergeman O, Dyerberg J. The effect of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on Lp(a). Clinica Chimica Acta 1991;198:271‐6. - PubMed
Berge 1959 {published data only}
    1. Berge GK, Achor RWP, Barker NW, Power MH. Comparison of the treatment of hypercholesterolemia with nicotinic acid, sitosterol and safflower oil. American Heart Journal 1959;58:849. - PubMed
Berry 1991 {published data only}
    1. Berry EM, Eisenberg S, Haratz D, Friedlander Y, Norman Y, Kaufmann NA, et al. Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins ‐ The Jerusalem Nutritional Study: High MUFAs vs high PUFAs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;53(4):899‐907. - PubMed
Best 1954 {published data only}
    1. Best MM, Duncan CH, Vanloon EJ, Wathen JD. Lowering of serum cholesterol by the administration of a plant sterol. Circulation 1954;10:201. - PubMed
Best 1955 {published data only}
    1. Best MM, Duncan CH, Loon EJ, Wathen JD. The effects of sitosterol on serum lipids. American Journal of Medicine 1995;19:61. - PubMed
Best 1956 {published data only}
    1. Best MM, Duncan CH. Modification of abnormal serum lipid patterns in atherosclerosis by administration of sitosterol. Annals of Internal Medicine 1956;45:614. - PubMed
Beveridge 1955 {published data only}
    1. Beveridge JMR, Connell WF, Mayer GA, Firstbrook JB, DeWolfe MS. The effects of certain vegetable and animal fats on the plasma lipids of humans. Journal of Nutrition 1955;56:311‐9. - PubMed
Beveridge 1957 {published data only}
    1. Beveridge JMR, Connell WF, Mayer GA. Plasma cholesterol depressant factor in corn oil. Federation Proceedings 1957;16:11.
Beveridge 1959 {published data only}
    1. Beveridge JMR, Connell WF, Haust HL, Mayer GA. Dietary cholesterol and plasma cholesterol levels in man. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 1959;37:575‐82. - PubMed
Beynen 1985 {published data only}
    1. Beynen AC, Katan MB. Reproducibility of the variations between humans in the response of serum cholesterol to cessation of egg consumption. Atherosclerosis 1985;57:19‐31. - PubMed
Bierenbaum 1963 {published data only}
    1. Bierenbaum ML, Green DP, German JB, et al. The effects of two low fat dietary patterns on the blood cholesterol level of young male coronary patients. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1963;16:1073. - PubMed
Bierenbaum 1970 {published data only}
    1. Bierenbaum ML, Fleischman AI, Green DP, Raichelson RI, Hayton T, Watson PB, et al. The 5‐years experience of a modified fat diet on younger men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1970;42:943‐52. - PubMed
Blair 2000 {published data only}
    1. Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen T, Morgan JM, Cater NB. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester‐containing spread to statin therapy. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;86(1):46‐52. - PubMed
Blankenhorn 1990 {published data only}
    1. Blankenhorn DH, Johnson RL, Mack WJ, Zein HA, Vailas LI. The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary arteries. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990;263:1646‐52. - PubMed
Blaton 1984 {published data only}
    1. Blaton V, Buyzere M, Declercq B, et al. Effect on polyunsaturated isocaloric fat diets on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins and fatty acids. Atherosclerosis 1984;53:9‐20. - PubMed
Boberg 1986 {published data only}
    1. Boberg M, Vessby B, Selinus I. Effects of dietary supplementation with n‐6 and n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Acta Medica Scandinavia 1986;220:153‐60. - PubMed
Bonanome 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bonanome A, Grundy SM. Effects of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;318:1244‐8. - PubMed
Bonanome 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bonanome A, Pagnan A, Biffanti S, Opportuno A, Sorgato F, Dorella M, et al. Effect of dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the susceptibility of plasma low density lipoproteins to oxidative modification. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992;12:529‐33. - PubMed
Bowry 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bowry VW, Stocker R. Tocopherol‐mediated peroxidation: the effect of vitamin E on the radical‐initiated oxidation of human low‐density lipoprotein. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1993;115:6029‐44.
Boyd 1990 {published data only}
    1. Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, Kriukov, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. Quantitative changes in dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol on women: results of a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52:470‐6. - PubMed
Braden 1990 {published data only}
    1. Braden GA, Knapp HR, Fitzgerald DJ, Fitzgerald GA. Dietary fish oil accelerates the response to coronary thrombolysis with tissue‐type plasminogen activator. Circulation 1990;82:178‐87. - PubMed
Brensike 1982 {published data only}
    1. Brensike JF. National heart, lung and blood institute type II coronary intervention study. Controlled Clinical Trials 1982;3:91‐111. - PubMed
Brensike 1984 {published data only}
    1. Brensike JF, Levy RI, Kelsey SF, Passamani ER, Richardson JM, Loh IK, et al. Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984;69:313‐24. - PubMed
Brinton 1990 {published data only}
    1. Brinton EA, Eisenberg S, Breslow JL. A low fat diet decreases high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by decreasing HDL apolipoprotein transport rates. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1990;85:144‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Briones 1984 {published data only}
    1. Briones ER, Steiger D, Palumbo PJ, Kottke BA. Primary hypercholesterolaemia: effect of treatment on serum lipids, lipoprotein fractions, cholesterol absorption, sterol balance, and platelet aggregation. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1984;59:251‐7. - PubMed
Brongeest 1979a {published data only}
    1. Brongeest‐Schoute HO, Hautvast JGAJ, Hermus RJJ. Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man.I. Effects of dietary cholesterol in a linoleic‐acid rich diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:2183‐7. - PubMed
Brongeest 1979b {published data only}
    1. Brongeest‐Schoute HO, Brongeest‐Schoute DC, Hermus RJ, Dallinga‐Thie GM, Hautvast JG. Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man.II. Effects of dietary cholesterol in a linoleic acid‐poor diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:2188‐92. - PubMed
Brongeest 1979c {published data only}
    1. Bronsgeest‐Schoute DC, Hermus RJ, Dallinga‐Thie GM, et al. Dependence of the effects of dietary cholesterol and experimental conditions on serum lipids in man.III. The effect on serum cholesterol of removal of eggs from the diet of free‐living, habitually egg‐eating people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32(11):2193‐7. - PubMed
Bronte‐Stewart 1956 {published data only}
    1. Bronte‐Stewart B, Antonis A Eales L, Brock JF. Effects of feeding different fats on serum cholesterol levels. Lancet 1956;1:521‐7. - PubMed
Brown 1991 {published data only}
    1. Brown SA, Morrisett J, Patsch JR, Reeves R, Gotto AM, Patsch W. Influence of short term dietary cholesterol and fat on human plasma Lp[a] and LDL levels. Journal of Lipid Research 1991;32:1281‐9. - PubMed
Brox 1981 {published data only}
    1. Brox JH, Killie JE, Gunnes S, Nordoy A. The effect of cod liver oil and corn oil on platelets and vessel wall in man. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1981;46:604. - PubMed
Brox 1983 {published data only}
    1. Brox JH, Killie JE, Osterud B, Holme S, Nordoy A. Effects of cod liver oil on platelets and coagulation in familial hypercholesterolemia (type A). Acta Medica Scandinavica 1983;213:137. - PubMed
Bruckner 1987 {published data only}
    1. Bruckner G, Webb P, Greenwell L, Chow C, Richardson D. Fish oil increases peripheral capillary blood cell velocity in humans. Atherosclerosis 1987;66:237‐45. - PubMed
Brude 1997 {published data only}
    1. Brude IR, Drevon CA, Hjermann I, Seljeflot I, Lund‐Katz S, Saarem K, et al. Peroxidation of LDL from combined‐hyperlipidemic male smokers supplied with omega‐3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascualr Biology 1997;17:2576‐88. - PubMed
Brussaard 1980 {published data only}
    1. Brussaard JH, Dallinga‐Thie G, Grott PH, Katan MB. Effects of amount and type of dietary fat on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in man: a controlled 8‐week trial. Atherosclerosis 1980;36:515‐27. - PubMed
Burr 1989 {published data only}
    1. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2:757‐61. - PubMed
Canetti 1995 {published data only}
    1. Canetti M, Moreira M, Mas R, Illnait J, Fernandez L, Fernandez J. A two year study on the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 1995;15:159‐65. - PubMed
Carlson 1971 {published data only}
    1. Carlson LA, Olsson AG, Oro L, Rossner S. Effects of oral calcium upon serum cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 1971;14:391‐400. - PubMed
Carmen‐Ramon 1998 {published data only}
    1. Carmen‐Ramon R, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Ordovas JM, Carmen R. Genetic variation at the ApoA‐IV gene locus and response to diet in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascualr Biology 1998;18:1266‐74. - PubMed
Carranza 1997 {published data only}
    1. Carranza‐Madrigal J, Herrera‐Abarca JE, Alvizouri‐Munza M, Alvarado‐Jimenez MR, Chavez‐Carbajal F. Effects of a vegetarian diet vs a vegetarian diet enriched with avocado in hypercholesterolemic patients. Archives of Medical Research 1997;28(4):537‐41. - PubMed
Carroll 1975 {published data only}
    1. Carroll KK, Hamilton RMG. Effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate on plasma cholesterol levels in relation to atherosclerosis. Journal of Food Science 1975;40:18.
Carroll 1978 {published data only}
    1. Carroll KK. The role of dietary protein in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Lipids 1978;13:360. - PubMed
Carroll 1982 {published data only}
    1. Carroll KK. Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Federation Proceedings 1982;41:2792‐6. - PubMed
Carroll 1991 {published data only}
    1. Carroll KK. Review of clinical studies on cholesterol‐lowering response to soy protein. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1991;91:820‐7. - PubMed
Chait 1974 {published data only}
    1. Chait A, Onitiri A, Nicoll A, Rabaya E, Davies J, Lewis B. Reduction of serum triglyceride levels by polyunsaturated fat. Studies on the mode of action and on very low density lipoprotein composition. Atherosclerosis 1974;20:347‐64. - PubMed
Chang 1990 {published data only}
    1. Chang NW, Huang PC. Effects of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids in humans. Journal of Lipid Research 1990;31:2141‐7. - PubMed
Chen 1979 {published data only}
    1. Chen WL, Anderson JT. Effects of plant fibre in decreasing plasma total cholesterol and increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1979;162:310‐3. - PubMed
Chenoweth 1981 {published data only}
    1. Chenoweth W, Ullmann M, Simpson R, Leveille G. Influence of dietary cholesterol and fat on serum lipids in man. Journal of Nutrition 1981;111:2069‐80. - PubMed
Childs 1981 {published data only}
    1. Childs MT, Bowlin JA, Ogilvie JT, Hazzard WR, Albers JJ. The contrasting effects of a dietary soya lecithin product and corn oil on lipoprotein lipids in normolipidemic and familial hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1981;38:217‐28. - PubMed
Clevidence 1992 {published data only}
    1. Clevidence BA, Judd JT, Schatzkin A, et al. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of men consuming a low‐fat, high fibre diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;55:689‐94. - PubMed
Clifton 1992 {published data only}
    1. Clifton PM, Wight MB, Nestel PJ. Is fat restriction needed with HMGCoA reductase inhibitor treatment?. Atherosclerosis 1992;93:59‐70. - PubMed
Cobb 1991 {published data only}
    1. Cobb M, Teitelbaum H, Breslow J. Lovestatin efficiency in reducing low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on high vs low fat diets. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991;265:997‐1001. - PubMed
Cole 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cole TG, Bowen PE, Schmeisser D, Prewitt TE, Aye P, Langenberg P, et al. Differential reduction of plasma cholesterol by the American Heart Association Phase 3 Diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic, premenopausal women with different body mass indexes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;55(22):385‐94. - PubMed
Colquhoun 1992 {published data only}
    1. Colquhoun DM, Moores D, Somerset SM, Humphries JA. Comparison of the effects on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids enriched with avocado, and a high carbohydrate diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56:671‐7. - PubMed
Connor 1961a {published data only}
    1. Connor WE, Hodges RE, Blieler RE. Effect of dietary cholesterol upon serum lipids in man. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1961;57:331‐42. - PubMed
Connor 1961b {published data only}
    1. Connor WE, Hodges RE, Blieler RE. The serum lipids in men receiving high cholesterol and cholesterol‐free diets. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1961;40:894‐901. - PMC - PubMed
Connor 1964 {published data only}
    1. Connor WE, Stone DB, Hodges RE. The interrelated effects of dietary cholesterol and fat upon human serum lipid levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1964;43:1691‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Connor 1982 {published data only}
    1. Connor WE, Connor SL. The dietary treatment of hyperlipidemia. Rationale, technique and efficacy. Medical Clinics of North America 1982;66:485‐518. - PubMed
Corder 1989 {published data only}
    1. Corder CN, Kloer HU, Price MD. CI‐924 effects on plasma lipids in patients with type II and type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1989;37:477‐81. - PubMed
Cortese 1983 {published data only}
    1. Cortese C, Levy Y, Janus ED, Turner PR, Rao SN, Miller NE, et al. Modes of action of lipid‐lowering diets in man: studies of apolipoprotein B kinetics in relation to fat consumption and dietary fatty acid composition. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1983;13:79‐85. - PubMed
Crouse 1979 {published data only}
    1. Crouse JR, Grundy SM. Effects of sucrose polyester on cholesterol metabolism in man. Metabolism 1979;28:994‐1000. - PubMed
Da Col 1984 {published data only}
    1. Col PG, Cattin L, Fonda M, Mameli MG, Feruglio FS. Pantethine in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: A randomised double blind trial versus tiadenol. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1984;36:314‐22.
Dattilo 1992 {published data only}
    1. Dattilo AM, Kris‐Etherton PM. effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta‐analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56:320‐8. - PubMed
Davidson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Davidson MH, Burns JH, Papasani VS, Conn ME, Dremman KB. Marine oil capsule therapy for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 1991;151:1732‐40. - PubMed
Davis 1985 {published data only}
    1. Davis TA, Anderson EC, Ginsburg AV, Goldberg AP. Weight loss improves lipoprotein lipid profiles in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1985;106:447‐54. - PubMed
de Groot 1963 {published data only}
    1. Groot AP, Luyken R, Pikaar NA. Cholesterol lowering effect of rolled oats. Lancet 1963;2:303‐4. - PubMed
De Jong 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jong A, Plat J, Lütjohann D, Mensink RP. Effects of long‐term plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;100(5):937‐41. - PubMed
Demke 1988 {published data only}
    1. Demke DM, Peters GR, Linet OI, Metzler CM, Klott KA. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70:73‐80. - PubMed
Demke 1991 {published data only}
    1. Demke DM, Grundy SM. Lauric acid is hypercholesterolemic in man [abstract]. Circulation 1991;84 (Suppl II):218.
Denke 1995 {published data only}
    1. Denke M. Lack of efficacy of low‐dose sitostanol therapy as an adjunct to a cholesterol‐lowering diet in men with moderate hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61:392‐6. - PubMed
Descovich 1980 {published data only}
    1. Descovich GC, Gaddi A, Mannino G. Multicentre study of soybean‐protein diet for outpatient hypercholesterolemic patients. Lancet 1980;2:709‐12. - PubMed
Detre 1985 {published data only}
    1. Detre KM, Levy RI, Kelsey SF, Epstein SE, Brensike JF, Passamani ER, et al. Secondary prevention and lipid lowering: results and implications. American Heart Journal 1985;110:1123‐7. - PubMed
Dieber 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dieber‐Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbaur H. Effect of oral supplementation with D‐alpha‐tocopherol on the vitamin e content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. Journal of Lipid Research 1991;32:1325‐32. - PubMed
Dreon 1990 {published data only}
    1. Dreon DM, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, Austin MA, Wood PD. The effects of polyunsaturated versus monounsaturated fat on plasma lipoproteins. Journal of American Medical Association 1990;263:2462‐6. - PubMed
Dreon 1994 {published data only}
    1. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Miller B, Krauss RM. Low density subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced fat diet in man. The FASEB journal: official publication of the Fedeation of American Societies for Experimental Bioogy 1994;8:121‐6. - PubMed
Dreon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Dreon DM, Krauss RM. Diet‐gene interactions in human lipoprotein metabolism. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1997;4:313‐24. - PubMed
Durrington 1977 {published data only}
    1. Durrington PN, Bolton CH, Hartog M, Angelinetta R, Emmett P, Furniss S. The effect of a low‐cholesterol, high‐polyunsaturate diet on serum lipid levels, apolipoprotein B levels and triglyceride fatty acid composition. Atherosclerosis 1977;27:465‐75. - PubMed
Dyerberg 1978 {published data only}
    1. Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Stoffersen E. Eicosapentanoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Lancet 1978;2:117‐9. - PubMed
East 1988 {published data only}
    1. East C, Bilheimer DW, Grundy SM. Combination drug therapy for familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Annals of Internal Medicine 1988;109:25‐32. - PubMed
Edington 1989 {published data only}
    1. Edington JD, Geekie M, Carter R, Benfield L, Ball M, Mann J. Serum lipid response to dietary cholesterol in subjects fed a low‐fat, high fibre diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;50:58‐62. - PubMed
Ehnholm 1982 {published data only}
    1. Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Pietinen P, et al. Effect of diet on serum lipoproteins in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;307:850‐5. - PubMed
Ehnholm 1984 {published data only}
    1. Ehnholm C, Huttien JK, Peitinen P, et al. Effect of a diet low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and HDL subfractions. Arteriosclerosis 1989;4:265‐9. - PubMed
Elkeles 1988 {published data only}
    1. Elkeles RS, Chakrabarti R, Vickers MV, Stirling Y, Meade TW. Effect of treatment of hyperlipidaemia on haemostatic variables. British Medical Journal 1980;281:973‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Erickson 1964 {published data only}
    1. Erickson BA, Coots RH, Mattson FH, Kligman AM. The effect of partial hydrogenation of dietary fats, of the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, and of dietary cholesterol upon plasma lipids in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1964;43:2017‐25. - PMC - PubMed
Eritsland 1995 {published data only}
    1. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. Long‐term metabolic effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61:831‐6. - PubMed
Ernst 1980 {published data only}
    1. Ernst N, Fisher M, Bowen P, Schaefer EJ, Levy RI. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins after a fat modified diet. Lancet 1980;2:111‐3. - PubMed
Failor 1986 {published data only}
    1. Failor RA, Childs MT, Bierman EL. The effect of Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 fatty acid enriched diets upon plasma lipoproteins in subjects with familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Clinical Research 1986;34:103.
Falko 1980 {published data only}
    1. Falko JM, Schofeld G, Witztum JL, Kolar JB, Weidman SW, Steelman R. Effects of diet on apoprotein E levels and on the apoprotein E subspecies in human plasma lipoproteins. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1980;50:521‐8. - PubMed
Fallat 1979 {published data only}
    1. Fallat RW, Glueck CJ, Lutmer FH. Short term study of sucrose polyester, a non‐absorbable fat‐like material as a dietary agent for lowering plasma cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;29:1204‐15. - PubMed
Farquhar 1956 {published data only}
    1. Farquhar JW, Smith RE, Dempsey M. The effect of beta‐sitosterol on the serum lipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation 1956;14:77. - PubMed
Farquhar 1958 {published data only}
    1. Farquhar JW, Sokolow M. Response of serum lipids and lipoproteins of man to beta‐sitosterol and safflower oil. Circulation 1958;17:890. - PubMed
Fehily 1983 {published data only}
    1. Fehily AM, Burr ML, Phillips MC, Deadman NM. The effect of fatty fish on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;38:349‐51. - PubMed
Fernandes 1977 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes J, Dijkhuis‐Stoffelsma R, Grose WFA. The effect of cholestyramine on serum lipids and platelet aggregation of hypercholesterolemic children (Type IIA) while on high linoleic acid diet. Acta Paediatric Scandinavia 1977;66:621‐4. - PubMed
Fernandes 1981 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes J, Dijkhuis‐Stoffelsma R, Groot PHE, Grose WFA, Ambaptsheer JJ. The effect of a virtually cholesterol‐free, high linoleic acid vegetarian diet on serum lipoproteins of children with hypercholesterolemia (type IIa). Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1981;70:677‐82. - PubMed
Ferro‐Luzzi 1984 {published data only}
    1. Ferro‐Luzzi A, Strazzullo P, Scaccini PC, Siani A, Sette S, Mariani MA, et al. Changing the Mediterranean diet: effects on blood lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;40(5):1027‐37. - PubMed
Fisher 1983 {published data only}
    1. Fisher EA, Blum CB, Zanni VI, Breslow JL. Independent effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein E. Journal of Lipid Research 1983;24:1039‐48. - PubMed
Flaim 1981 {published data only}
    1. Flaim E, Ferrei LF, Thye FW, Hill JE, Ritchey SJ. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in adult males consuming normal and high cholesterol diets under controlled conditions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:1103‐8. - PubMed
Flynn 1981 {published data only}
    1. Flynn MA, Heine B, Nolph GB, Naumann HD, Parisi E, Ball D, et al. Serum lipids in humans fed diets containing beef or fish and poultry. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(12):2734‐41. - PubMed
Follick 1984 {published data only}
    1. Follick MO, Abrams DB, Smith TW, Henderson LO, Herbert PN. Contrasting short and long term effects of weight loss on lipoprotein levels. Archives of Internal Medicine 1984;144:1571‐4. - PubMed
Forsythe 1986 {published data only}
    1. Forsythe WA, Green MS, Anderson JJB. Dietary protein effects on cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations: A review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1986;5:533‐49. - PubMed
Frank 1978 {published data only}
    1. Frank GC, Berenson GS, Webber LS. Dietary studies and the relationship of diet to cardiovascular disease risk factor variables in 10yr old children (The Bogalusa Heart Study). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1978;31:328‐40. - PubMed
Frankel 1994 {published data only}
    1. Frankel EN, Parks EJ, Xu R, Schneeman BO, Davis PA, German JB. Effect of n‐3 fatty acid rich fish oil supplementation on the oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Lipids 1994;29:233‐6. - PubMed
Frantz 1975 {published data only}
    1. Frantz ID, Dawson EA, Kuba K, Brewer ER, Gatewood LC, Bartch GE. The Minnesota Coronary Survey: Effect of diet on cardiovascular events and deaths [abstract]. Circulation 1975;51‐52:ii‐4‐.
Frantz 1989 {published data only}
    1. Frantz ID Jr, Dawson EA, Ashman PL, Gatewood LC, Bartsch GE, Kuba K, et al. Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9(1):129‐35. - PubMed
Friday 1991 {published data only}
    1. Friday KE, Failor RA, Childs MT, Bierman EL. Effects of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid‐enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apoliproteins in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Arteriosclerosis & Thrombosis 1991;11:47‐54. - PubMed
Fumagalli 1978 {published data only}
    1. Fumagalli R, Paoletti R, Howard AN. Hypocholesterolemic effect of soya. Life Sciences 1978;22:947. - PubMed
Fumagalli 1982 {published data only}
    1. Fumagalli R, Soleri L, Farina R, Musanti R, Mantero O, Noseda G, et al. Fecal cholesterol excretion studies in type II hypercholesterolemic patients treated with the soybean protein diet. Atherosclerosis 1982;43(2‐3):341‐53. - PubMed
Gaddi 1987 {published data only}
    1. Gaddi A, Descovich GC, Noseda G, Fragiacomo C, Nicolini A, Montanari G, et al. Hypercholesterolemia treated by soybean protein diet. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1987;62:274‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Galvan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Galvan AQ, Natali A, Baldi S, Frascerra S, Sampietro T, Galetta F, et al. Effect of a reduced fat diet with or without pravastatin on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1996;28(4):595‐602. - PubMed
Gardner 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gardner CD, Kraemar HC. Monounsaturated versus polyunsaturated dietary fat and serum lipids. A meta‐analysis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1995;15:1917‐27. - PubMed
Gardner 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gardner CD, Coulston A, Chatterjee L, Rigby A, Spiller G, Farquhar JW. The effect of a plant‐based diet on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;142(9):725‐33. - PubMed
Glueck 1972 {published data only}
    1. Glueck CJ, Fallat R, Tsang R. Pediatric familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia: therapy with diet and cholestyramine resin. Pediatrics 1972;52:669‐79. - PubMed
Glueck 1977 {published data only}
    1. Glueck CJ, Reginald C, Tsang R, Ronald W, Fallat R, Mellies MJ. Diet in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia. American Journal in Diseases in Children 1977;131:162‐6. - PubMed
Glueck 1978 {published data only}
    1. Glueck CJ, McGill HC Jr, Shank RE, Lauer RN. Value and safety of diet modification to control hyperlipidemia in childhood and adolescence. A statement for physicians. Circulation 1978;58:381A‐5A. - PubMed
Glueck 1979 {published data only}
    1. Glueck CJ, Mattson FH, Jandacek RJ. The lowering of plasma cholesterol by sucrose polyester in subjects consuming diets with 800, 300 or less than 50mg of cholesterol per day. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:1636‐44. - PubMed
Glueck 1983 {published data only}
    1. Glueck CJ, Jandacek RJ, Hogg E, Allen C, Baehler L, Tewksbury MB. Sucrose polyester: substitution for dietary fats in hypocaloric diets in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;37:347‐54. - PubMed
Glueck 1991 {published data only}
    1. Glueck CJ, Speirs J, Tracy T, Streicher P, Illig E, Vandegrift J. Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic probands and their first degree relatives. Metabolism 1991;40:842‐8. - PubMed
Goldberg 1982 {published data only}
    1. Goldberg AP, Lim A, Kolar JB, Grundhauser JJ, Steinke FH, Schonfeld G. Soybean protein independently lowers plasma cholesterol levels in primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1982;43:355‐68. - PubMed
Goodnight 1981 {published data only}
    1. Goodnight SH Jr, Harris WS, Connor WE. The effects of dietary omega‐3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood 1981;58:880‐5. - PubMed
Gordon 1977 {published data only}
    1. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. American Journal of Medicine 1977;62:707‐14. - PubMed
Gordon 1982 {published data only}
    1. Gordon DJ, Salz KM, Roggenkamp KJ, Franklin FA. Dietary determinants of plasma cholesterol change in the recruitment phase of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Arteriosclerosis 1982;2:537‐48. - PubMed
Grande 1970 {published data only}
    1. Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A. Comparison of effects of palmitic and stearic acids in the diet on serum cholesterol in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1970;23:1184‐93. - PubMed
Grande 1972 {published data only}
    1. Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A. Diets of different fatty acid composition producing identical serum cholesterol levels in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1972;25:53‐60. - PubMed
Gries 1990 {published data only}
    1. Gries A, Malle E, Wurm H, Kostner GM. Influence of dietary fish oils on Lp(a) levels. Thrombosis Research 1990;58:667‐8. - PubMed
Groot 1980 {published data only}
    1. Groot PH, Grose WFA, Dijkhuis‐Stoffelsma R, Fernandes J, Ambagtsheer JJ. The effect of oral calcium carbonate administration on serum lipoproteins of children with familial hypercholesterolaemia (type II‐A). European Journal of Pediatrics 1980;135:81‐4. - PubMed
Grundy 1970 {published data only}
    1. Grundy SM, Ahrens EH. The effects of unsaturated dietary fats on absorption, excretion, synthesis and distribution of cholesterol in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1970;49:1135‐52. - PMC - PubMed
Grundy 1986 {published data only}
    1. Grundy SM. Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for lowering plasma cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 1986;314:745‐8. - PubMed
Grundy 1990 {published data only}
    1. Grundy SM, Denke MA. Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Journal of Lipid Research 1990;31:1149‐72. - PubMed
Guardamagna 2011b {published data only}
    1. Guardamagna O, Abello F, Baracco V, Federici G, Bertucci P, Mozzi A, et al. Primary hyperlipidemias in children: effect of plant sterol supplementation on plasma lipids and markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Acta Diabetologica 2011;48(2):127‐33. - PubMed
Gustafsson 1982 {published data only}
    1. Gustafsson IB, Vessby B, Boberg J, Karlstrom B, Lithell H. Effects of lipid lowering diets on patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1982;80:426‐32. - PubMed
Gustafsson 1983 {published data only}
    1. Gustafsson I, Boberg J, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Vessby B. Similar serum lipoprotein reductions by lipid‐lowering diets with different polyunsaturated: saturated fat values. British Journal of Nutrition 1983;50:531‐7. - PubMed
Gustafsson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Gustafsson I, Vessby B, Karlstrom B, Boberg J, Boberg M, Lithell H. Effects on the serum lipoprotein concentrations by lipid‐lowering diets with different fatty acid compositions. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1985;4:241‐8. - PubMed
Gustafsson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gustafsson IB, Vessby B, Nydahl M. Effects of lipid lowering diets enriched with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum lipoprotein composition in patients with hypolipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1992;96:109‐18. - PubMed
Gustafsson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gustafsson I, Vessby B, Ohrvall M, Nydahl M. A diet rich in monounsaturated rapeseed oil reduces the lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and increases the relative content of n‐3 fatty acids in serum in hyperlipidemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:667‐74. - PubMed
Gylling 1988 {published data only}
    1. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum non‐cholesterol sterols related to cholesterol metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 1988;178:41‐50. - PubMed
Gylling 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gylling H, Hallikainen M, Nissinen MJ, Simonen P, Miettinen TA. Very high plant stanol intake and serum plant stanols and non‐cholesterol sterols. European Journal of Nutrition 2010;49(2):111‐7. - PubMed
Gylling 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gylling H, Hallikainen M, Simonen P, Miettinen HE, Nissinen MJ, Miettinen TA. Serum and lipoprotein sitostanol and non‐cholesterol sterols after an acute dose of plant stanol ester on its long‐term consumption. European Journal of Nutrition 2011;51(5):615‐22. - PubMed
Hansen 1989 {published data only}
    1. Hansen JB, Olsen JO, Wilsgard L, Osterud P. Effects of dietary supplementation with cod liver oil on monocyte thromboplastin synthesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Journal of Internal Medicine Suppl 1989;731:133‐9. - PubMed
Harris 1983a {published data only}
    1. Harris WS, Connor WE, McMurry MP. The comparative reductions of the plasma lipids and lipoproteins by dietary polyunsaturated fats: salmon oil versus vegetable oil. Metabolism 1983;32:179‐84. - PubMed
Harris 1988 {published data only}
    1. Harris WS, Dujovne CA, Zucker M, Johnson B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1988;109:465‐70. - PubMed
Harris 1989 {published data only}
    1. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. Journal of Lipid Research 1989;30:785‐807. - PubMed
Hashim 1960 {published data only}
    1. Hashim SA, Arteaga A, Itallie TB. Effect of a saturated medium‐chain triglyceride on serum lipids in man. Lancet 1930;1:1105‐8. - PubMed
Hay 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hay CRM, Durber AP, Saynor R. Effect of fish oil on platelet kinetics in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1982;1:1269‐72. - PubMed
Hegsted 1965 {published data only}
    1. Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ. Quantitative effects of dietary fats on serum cholesterol in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1965;17:281‐90. - PubMed
Hegsted 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hegsted DM. Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol: a re‐evaluation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;44:299‐305. - PubMed
Hegsted 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;57(6):875‐83. - PubMed
Heinemann 1986 {published data only}
    1. Heinemann T, Leiss O, Bergmann K. Effect of low‐dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1986;61:219‐23. - PubMed
Helms 1977 {published data only}
    1. Helms P, Gatti E, Sirtori CR. Soybean protein diet and plasma cholesterol. Lancet 1977;1:805‐6. - PubMed
Hennekens 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Cook NR, et al. Lack of effect of long term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;334:1145‐9. - PubMed
Herold 1986 {published data only}
    1. Herold PM, Kinsella JE. Fish oil consumption and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease: a comparison of findings from animal and human feeding trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43:566‐98. - PubMed
Hodges 1967 {published data only}
    1. Hodges RE, Krehl WA, Stone DB, Lopez A. Dietary carbohydrates and low cholesterol diets ‐ Effects on serum lipids in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1967;20:198. - PubMed
Hoeg 1984 {published data only}
    1. Hoeg JM, Maher MB, Bou E, Zech LA, Bailey KR, Gregg RE, et al. Normalization of plasma lipoprotein concentrations in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia by combined use of neomycin and niacin. Circulation 1984;70(6):1004‐11. - PubMed
Holme 1990 {published data only}
    1. Holme I. An analysis of randomised trials evaluating the effect of cholesterol reduction on total mortality and coronary heart disease incidence. Circulation 1990;82:1916‐24. - PubMed
Holmes 1980 {published data only}
    1. Holmes WL, Rubel GB, Hood SS. Comparison of the effect of dietary meat versus dietary soybean protein on plasma lipids of hyperlipidemic individuals. Atherosclerosis 1980;36:379‐387.
Hooper 1980 {published data only}
    1. Hooper PL, Visconti L, Garry PJ, Johnson GE. Zinc lowers high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 1980;244:1960‐1. - PubMed
Hopkins 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hopkins PN. Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta‐analysis and review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;55:1060‐70. - PubMed
Huff 1984 {published data only}
    1. Huff MW, Giovannetti PM, Wolfe BM. Turn‐over of very low‐density lipoprotein‐apoprotein B is increased by substitution of soybean protein for meat and dairy protein in the diets of hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;39:888‐97. - PubMed
Hunninghake 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Dujovne CA, Harris WS, Feldman EB, Miller VT, et al. The efficacy of intensive dietary therapy alone or combined with lovastatin in outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;328(17):1213‐9. - PubMed
Iacono 1991 {published data only}
    1. Iacono JM, Dougherty RM. Lack of effect of linoleic acid on the high‐density‐lipoprotein‐cholesterol fraction of plasma lipoproteins. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;53:660‐4. - PubMed
Illingworth 1991 {published data only}
    1. Illingworth DR, Hatcher LF, Newcomb KC, Connor WE. Response to dietary cholesterol on a monounsaturated enriched low‐fat diet [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1991;11:1602(a).
Jackson 1984 {published data only}
    1. Jackson RL, Kashyap ML, Barnhart RL, Allen C, Hogg E, Glueck CJ. Influence of polyunsaturated and saturated fats on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;39:589‐97. - PubMed
Jakubowski 1978 {published data only}
    1. Jakubowski JA, Ardlie NG. Modification of human platelet function by a diet enriched in saturated or polyunsaturated fat. Atherosclerosis 1978;31:335‐44. - PubMed
Jenkins 1975a {published data only}
    1. Jenkins DJA, Leeds AR, Newton C, Cummings JH. Effect of pectin, guar gum and wheat fibre on serum cholesterol. Lancet 1975;1:1116. - PubMed
Jenkins 1975b {published data only}
    1. Jenkins DJA, Hill MS, Cummings JH. Effect of wheat fiber on blood lipids, fecal steroid excretion and serum iron. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1975;28:1408. - PubMed
Jenkins 1980 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins DJA, Reynold D, Slavin B, Leeds AR, Jenkins AL, Jepson EM. Treatment of hypercholesterolemia with guar crispbread. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1980;33:575. - PubMed
Jialal 1992 {published data only}
    1. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Effect of dietary supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol on the oxidative modification of low‐density lipoprotein. Journal of Lipid Research 1992;33:899‐906. - PubMed
Jialal 1993 {published data only}
    1. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Effect of combined supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol, ascorbate and beta‐carotene on low‐density lipoprotein oxidation. Circulation 1993;88:2780‐6. - PubMed
Joyner 1955 {published data only}
    1. Joyner CP, Kuo PT. The effect of sitosterol administration upon the serum cholesterol level and lipoprotein pattern. American Journal of Medical Science 1955;230:636. - PubMed
Judd 1988 {published data only}
    1. Judd JT, Oh SY, Hennig B, Dupont J, Marshall MW. Effects of low fat diets differing in degree of fat unsaturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in adult men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1988;7:223‐34. - PubMed
Kane 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Tun P, Phillips NR, Freedman DD, Williams ML, et al. Normalization of low‐density‐lipoprotein levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with a combined drug regimen. New England Journal of Medicine 1981;304(5):251‐8. - PubMed
Kane 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Ports TA, Phillips NR, Diehl JC, Havel RJ. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimes. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990;264:3007‐12. - PubMed
Kestin 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kestin M, Rouse IL, Correll RA, Nestel PJ. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in free‐living men: comparison of two prudent diets, one based on lactoovovegetarianism and the other allowing lean meat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;50:280‐7. - PubMed
Ketomäki 2004b {published data only}
    1. Ketomaki A, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Effects of plant stanol and sterol esters on serum phytosterols in a family with familial hypercholesterolemia including a homozygous subject. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Clin Med 2004;143(4):255‐62. - PubMed
Keys 1957 {published data only}
    1. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Essential fatty acids, degree of unsaturation and effect of corn (maize) oil on the serum cholesterol level in man. Lancet 1957;1:66. - PubMed
Keys 1965a {published data only}
    1. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet IV. Particular saturated fatty acids in the diet. Metabolism 1965;14:776‐87. - PubMed
Keys 1965b {published data only}
    1. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande E. Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet. I. Iodine value of dietary fat vs 2S‐P. Metabolism 1965;14:747‐58. - PubMed
Keys 1984 {published data only}
    1. Keys A. Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;40:351‐9. - PubMed
Khan 1981 {published data only}
    1. Khan AR, Khan GY, Mitchel A, Quadeer MA. Effect of guar gum on blood lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:2446. - PubMed
Kingsbury 1961 {published data only}
    1. Kingsbury KJ, Morgan DM, Aylott C, Emmerson R. Effects of ethyl arachidonate, cod liver oil and corn oil on the plasma cholesterol level. Lancet 1961;1:739‐41. - PubMed
Kinsell 1952 {published data only}
    1. Kinsell LW, Partridge J, Boling L, Margen S, Michaels G. Dietary modification of serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1952;12:909‐13. - PubMed
Kirby 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kirby RW, Anderson JW, Sieling B, Rees ED, Chen WJ, Miller RE, et al. Oat‐bran selectively lowers serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(5):824‐9. - PubMed
Kok 1987 {published data only}
    1. Kok FJ, Bruijn AM, Vermeeren R, Hofman A, Laar A, Bruin M, et al. Serum selenium, vitamin antioxidants, and cardiovascular mortality: a 9‐year follow‐up study in the Netherlands. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1987;45(2):462‐8. - PubMed
Kris‐Etherton 1993 {published data only}
    1. Kris‐Etherton PM, Derr J, Mitchell DC, Mustad VA, Russell ME, McDonnell ET, et al. The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. I. Effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter and milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men. Metabolism 1993;42(1):121‐9. - PubMed
Kromhout 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, Coulnader CL. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20‐year mortality from coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312(19):1205‐9. - PubMed
Kudchodkar 1976 {published data only}
    1. Kudchodkar BJ, Horlick L, Sodhi HS. Effect of plant sterols on cholesterol metabolism in man. Atherosclerosis 1976;23:239‐48.
Kuo 1979 {published data only}
    1. Kuo PT, Hayase K, Kostis JB, Moreyra AE. Use of combined diet and colestipol in long‐term (7‐7.5 years) treatment of patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation 1979;59:199‐211. - PubMed
Kuo 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kuo PT, Kostis JB, Morayra AE, Hayes JA. Familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia with coronary heart disease. Effect of diet‐cholesterol‐nicotinic acid treatment. Chest 1981;79:286‐91. - PubMed
Kuusi 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kuusi T, Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Kostiainen E, Pietinen P, Leino U, et al. Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins during a low fat diet at two levels of polyunsaturated fat. Journal of Lipid Research 1985;26(3):360‐7. - PubMed
Laine 1982 {published data only}
    1. Laine DC, Snodgrass CM, Dawson EA, Ener MA, Kuba K, Frantz ID. Lightly hydrogenated soy oil versus other vegetable oils as a lipid lowering dietary constituent. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;35:683‐90. - PubMed
Lambert 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lambert M, Lupien PJ, Gagne C, Levy E, Blaichman S, Langlois S, et al. Treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents: effect of lovastatin. Canadaian Lovastatin in Children Study Group. Pediatrics 1996;97:619‐28. - PubMed
Leaf 1988 {published data only}
    1. Leaf A, Weber PC. Cardiovascular effects of n‐3 fatty acids. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;318:549‐57. - PubMed
Leelarthaepin 1974 {published data only}
    1. Leelarthaepin B, Palmer AJ, Woodhill JM, Blacket RB. Obesity, diet and type II hyperlipidemia. Lancet 1974;2:1217‐21. - PubMed
Lees 1977 {published data only}
    1. Lees AM, Mok HYI, McCluskey MA, Grundy SM. Plant sterols as cholesterol lowering agents: clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. Atherosclerosis 1977;28:325‐38. - PubMed
Leibman 1983 {published data only}
    1. Leibman M, Smith MC, Iverson J, Thye FW, Hinkle DE, Herbert WG, et al. Effects of coarse wheat bran fiber and exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in moderately overweight men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;37:71. - PubMed
LeLorier 1977 {published data only}
    1. LeLorier J, DuBreuil‐Quidoz S, Lussier‐Cacan S, Huang YS, Davignon J. Additive effects on plasma cholesterol concentrations in patients with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 1977;137:1429‐34. - PubMed
Lewis 1981 {published data only}
    1. Lewis B, Hammett F, Katan M, Merkx I, Miller NE, Kay RM, et al. Towards an improved lipid lowering diet: additive effects of changes in nutrient intake. Lancet 1981;ii:1310. - PubMed
Lichtenstein 1994 {published data only}
    1. Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Carrasco W, Jenner JL, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Short term consumption of a reduced fat diet beneficially affects plasma lipid concentrations only when accompanied by weight loss. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1994;14:1751‐60. - PubMed
Lifshitz 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lifshitz F, Moses N. Growth failure: a complication of dietary treatment of hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1989;143:537‐42. - PubMed
Lindgard 1984 {published data only}
    1. Lindgard F, Larsson L. Effects of a concentrated bran fibre preparation on HDL‐cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic men. Human Nutrition Clinical Nutrition 1984;38C:39. - PubMed
Linnebur 2007 {published data only}
    1. Linnebur SA, Capell WH, Saseen JJ, Wolfe P, Eckel RH. Plant sterols added to combination statin and colesevelam hydrochloride therapy failed to lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2007;1(6):626‐33. - PubMed
Lithell 1984 {published data only}
    1. Lithell H, Selinus I, Vessby B. Lack of effect of a purified bran preparation in men with low HDL cholesterol. Human Nutrition Clinical Nutrition 1984;38:309‐13. - PubMed
Lorenz 1983 {published data only}
    1. Lorenz R, Spengler U, Fischer S, Drum J, Weber PC. Platelet function, thromboxane formation and blood pressure control during supplementation of the western diet with cod liver oil. Circulation 1983;67:504‐11. - PubMed
Lovati 1987 {published data only}
    1. Lovati MR, Manzoni C, Canavesi A, Sirtori M, Vaccarino V, Marchi M, et al. Soybean protein diet increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity in mononuclear cells from hypercholesterolemic patients. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1987;80(5):1498‐502. - PMC - PubMed
LRCP 1984a {published data only}
    1. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Intervention Trials results II. The relationship in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. Journal of the American Medical Association 1984;251:351‐74.
LRCP 1984b {published data only}
    1. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Prevention Trial results I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 1984;251:351. - PubMed
Macdonald 1967 {published data only}
    1. Macdonald I. Interrelationships between the influence of dietary carbohydrates and fats on fasting serum lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1967;20:345‐52. - PubMed
Mackness 1993 {published data only}
    1. Mackness MI, Abbott C, Arrol S, Durrington PN. The role of high density lipoprotein and lipid soluble antioxidant vitamins in inhibiting low‐density lipoprotein oxidation. Biochemical Journal 1993;294:829‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Malmros 1957 {published data only}
    1. Malmros H, Wigand G. The effect on serum cholesterol of diets containing different fats. Lancet 1957;2:1‐8. - PubMed
Mannarinno 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mannarino E, Pirro M, Cortese C, Lupattelli G, Siepi D, Mezzetti A, et al. Effects of a phytosterol‐enriched dairy product on lipids, sterols and 8‐isoprostane in hypercholesterolemic patients: a multicenter Italian study. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2009;19(2):84‐90. - PubMed
Maranhao 1983 {published data only}
    1. Maranhao RC, Quintao E. Long term steroid metabolism balance studies in subjects on cholesterol‐free and cholesterol‐rich diets: comparison between normal and hypercholesterolemic individuals. Journal of Lipid Research 1983;24:167‐73. - PubMed
Marshall 1986 {published data only}
    1. Marshall MW, Judd JT, Matusik EJ, Church J, Canary JJ. Effects of low fat diets varying in P/S ratio on nutrient intakes, fecal excretion, blood chemistry profiles, and fatty acids of adult men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1986;5:263‐79. - PubMed
Mata 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mata P, Garrido JA, Ordovas JM, Blazquez E, Alvarez‐Sala LA, Rubio MJ, et al. Effect of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56(1):77‐83. - PubMed
Mathur 1968 {published data only}
    1. Mathur KS, Khan MA, Sharma RD. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Bengal Gram: A long term study in man. British Medical Journal 1968;1:30‐1. - PMC - PubMed
Mattson 1972 {published data only}
    1. Mattson FH, Erickson BA, Kligman AM. Effect of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1972;25:589‐94. - PubMed
Mattson 1975 {published data only}
    1. Mattson FH, Hollenback EJ, Kligman AM. Effect of hydrogenated fat on the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels of man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1975;28:726‐31. - PubMed
Mattson 1977 {published data only}
    1. Mattson FH, Volpenhein RA, Erickson BA. Effect of plant sterol esters on the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Journal of Nutrition 1977;107:1139‐46. - PubMed
Mattson 1982 {published data only}
    1. Mattson FH, Grundy SM, Crouse JR. Optomizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;35:697‐700. - PubMed
Mattson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Mattson FH, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. Journal of Lipid Research 1985; Vol. 26:194‐202. - PubMed
McCombs 1994 {published data only}
    1. McCombs RJ, Marcadis DE, Ellis J, Weinberg RB. Attenuated hypercholesterolemic response to a high cholesterol diet in subjects heterozygous for the apolipoprotein A‐IV‐2 allele. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331:706‐10. - PubMed
McGill 1979 {published data only}
    1. McGill HC. The relationship of dietary cholesterol to serum cholesterol concentration and to atherosclerosis in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:2664‐702. - PubMed
Mellies 1983 {published data only}
    1. Mellies JM, Jandacek RJ, Taulbee JD, Tewksbury MB, Lamkin G, Baehler L, et al. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of sucrose polyester in hypercholesterolemic outpatients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;37:339‐46. - PubMed
Mensink 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta‐analysis of 27 trials. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992; Vol. 12:911‐9. - PubMed
Miettinen 1972 {published data only}
    1. Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Elosno R, Paavilainen E. Effect of cholesterol‐lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes. A twelve‐year clinical trial in men and women. Lancet 1972;2:835. - PubMed
Miettinen 1977 {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Tarpila S. Effects of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal bile acids and biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. Clinica Chimica Acta 1977; Vol. 79:471‐7. - PubMed
Miettinen 1989a {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS, Kesaniemi YA. Serum cholesterol and plant sterol levels in relation to cholesterol metabolism in middle aged men. Metabolism 1989;38:136‐40. - PubMed
Miettinen 1989b {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA. Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;49:629‐35. - PubMed
Miettinen 1992a {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Vanhanen HT, Ollus A. Cnolesterol absorption, elimination and synthesis related to LDL kinetics during varying fat intake in men with differentapoprotein E phenotypes. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992;12:1044‐52. - PubMed
Miettinen 1992b {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Vanhanen HT, Ollus A. Cholesterol absorption, elimination and synthesis related to LDL kinetics during varying fat intake in men with different apoprotein E phenotypes. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992;12(9):1044‐52. - PubMed
Miettinen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Miettinen TA, Vanhanen HT. Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis 1994;105:217‐26. - PubMed
Miller 1988 {published data only}
    1. Miller JP, Heath ID, Choraria SK, Shepherd NW, Cajendragadkar RV, Harcus AW, et al. Triglyceride lowering effect of MaxEPA fish lipid concentrate: a multicentre placebo controlled double blind study. Clinica Chimica Acta 1988;178(3):251‐60. - PubMed
Mokino 1990 {published data only}
    1. Mokino H, Yamada N, Sugimoto T, et al. Cholesterol free diet with a high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: significant lowering effect on plasma cholesterol. Hormone and Metabolic Research 1990;22:246‐51. - PubMed
Morita 1983 {published data only}
    1. Morita I, Saito Y, Chang WC, Murota S. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid or arachidonic acid metabolism in cultured murine aortic smooth muscle cells, vessel walls and platelets. Lipids 1983;18(1):1842‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
MRC 1965 {published data only}
    1. Research Committee to the MRC. Low fat diet in myocardial infarction: A controlled trial. Lancet 1965;2:501‐4. - PubMed
MRC 1968 {published data only}
    1. Research Committee to the MRC. Controlled trial of soybean oil in myocardial infarction. Lancet 1968;2:693‐700. - PubMed
Nagakawa 1983 {published data only}
    1. Nagakawa Y, Orimo H, Harasawa M, Morita I, Yashiri K, Murota S. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on the platelet aggregation and composition of fatty acid in man. Atherosclerosis 1983;47:71‐5. - PubMed
Napoli 1998 {published data only}
    1. Napoli C, Leccese M, Palumbo G, Nigris F, Chiariello P, Zuliani P, et al. Effects of vitamin E and HMG‐CoA reductase inhibition on cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase in hypercholesterolemia. Coronary Artery Disease 1998;9:257‐64. - PubMed
NDHSRG 1968 {published data only}
    1. National Diet‐Heart Study Research Group. The National Diet‐Heart Study Final Report. Circulation 1968;1 Suppl 1:1‐428. - PubMed
Neil 1995 {published data only}
    1. Neil HA, Roe L, Godlee RL, Moore JW, Clark GM, Brown J. Randomised trial of lipid lowering dietary advice in general practice: the effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidants. British Medical Journal 1995;310:569‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Nenseter 1992 {published data only}
    1. Nenseter MS, Rustan AC, Lund‐Katz S, Maelandsmo G, Phillips MC, Drevon CA. Effect of dietary supplementation with n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on physical properties and metabolism of low density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992;12:369‐79. - PubMed
Nessim 1983 {published data only}
    1. Nessim SA, Chin HP, Alaupovic P, Blankenhorn DH. Combined therapy of niacin, colestipol and fat controlled diet in men with coronary bypass. Effect on blood lipids and apolipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 1983;3:568‐73. - PubMed
Nestel 1973 {published data only}
    1. Nestel P, Havenstein N, Whyte HM, Scott TJ, Cook LJ. Lowering of plasma cholesterol and enhanced sterol excretion with the consumption of polyunsaturated ruminant fats. New England Journal of Medicine 1973;288:379‐82. - PubMed
Nestel 1976 {published data only}
    1. Nestel P, Poyser A. Changes in cholesterol synthesis and excretion when cholesterol intake is increased. Metabolism 1976;25:1591‐9. - PubMed
Nestel 1984 {published data only}
    1. Nestel PJ, Connor WE, Reardon MF, Connor S, Wong S, Boston R. Suppression by diets rich in fish oil of very low density lipoprotein production in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1984;74:82‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Nestel 1986 {published data only}
    1. Nestel P. Fish oil attenuates the cholesterol rise in lipoprotein cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43:752‐7. - PubMed
Nestel 1992a {published data only}
    1. Nestel P, Noakes M, Belling B. Plasma lipoprotein lipid and Lp[a] changes with substitution of elaidic acid for oleic acid in the diet. Journal of Lipid Research 1992;33:1029‐36. - PubMed
Nestel 1992b {published data only}
    1. Nestel PJ, Noakes M, Belling GB, MacArthur R, Clifton PM, Abbey M. Plasma cholesterol‐lowering potential of edible‐oil blends suitable for commercial use. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;55:46‐50. - PubMed
Nilson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Nilson DW, Dalaker K, Nordoy A, Osterud B, Ingedretsen OC, Lyngmo V, et al. Influence of a concentrated ethylester compound of n‐3 fatty acids on lipids, platelets and coagulation in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1991;66:195‐201. - PubMed
Nydahl 1994 {published data only}
    1. Nydahl M, Gustafsson IB, Vessby B. Lipid‐lowering diets enriched with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids but low in saturated fatty acids have similar effects on serum lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:115‐22. - PubMed
Nyyssonen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Nyyssonen K, Porkkala E, Salonen R, Korpela H, Salonen JT. Increase in oxidation resistance of atherogenic serum lipoproteins following antioxidant supplementation: a randomised double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;48:633‐42. - PubMed
Olszewski 1993 {published data only}
    1. Olszewski AJ, McCully KS. Fish oil decreases serum homocysteine in hyperlipemic men. Coronary Artery Disease 1993;4:53‐60. - PubMed
Omenn 1996 {published data only}
    1. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, et al. Effects of a combination of beta‐carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;334:1150‐5. - PubMed
Ordovas 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ordovas JM, Lopez‐Miranda J, Mata P, Perez‐Jimenez F, Lichtenstein AH, Schaefer EJ. Gene‐diet interaction in determining plasma lipid response to dietary intervention. Atherosclerosis 1995;118 (Suppl):S11‐27. - PubMed
Parks 1990 {published data only}
    1. Parks JS, Rudel LL. Effect of fish oil on atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism. Atherosclerosis 1990;84:83‐4. - PubMed
Parthasarathy 1990 {published data only}
    1. Parthasarathy S, Khoo JC, Miller E, Barnett J, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1990;87:3894‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Peto 1985 {published data only}
    1. Peto R, Yusuf S, Collins R. Cholesterol lowering trial results in their epidemiological context [abstract]. Circulation 1985;72 (Suppl III):III‐451.
Phillipson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Phillipson BE, Rothrock DW, Connor WE, Harris WS, Illingworth DR. Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312:1210‐6. - PubMed
Pirich 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pirich C, Caszo A, Granegger S, Sinzinger H. Effects of fish oil supplementation on platelet survival and ex vivo platelet function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thrombosis Research 1999;96:219‐27. - PubMed
Princen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Princen HM, Duyvenvoorde W, Buytenhek R, Laarse A, Popple G, Gevers Leuven JA, et al. Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1995;15:325‐33. - PubMed
Quintao 1971 {published data only}
    1. Quintao E, Grundy SM, Ahrens EH. Effects of dietary cholesterol on the regulation of total body cholesterol in man. Journal of Lipid Research 1971;12:233‐47. - PubMed
Radack 1989 {published data only}
    1. Radack K, Deck C, Huster D. Dietary supplementation with low‐dose fish oils lowers fibrinogen levels: a randomized, double‐blind controlled study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;111:757‐8. - PubMed
Radack 1990 {published data only}
    1. Radack K, Deck C, Huster D. The comparative effects of n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma fibrinogen levels: a controlled clinical trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1990;9:352‐7. - PubMed
Rapola 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Haukka JK, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta‐carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris: a randomised, double blind controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996;275:693‐8. - PubMed
Reaven 1991 {published data only}
    1. Reaven PD, Parthasarathy S, Grasse BJ, Miller E, Almazan F, Mattson FH, et al. Feasibility of using an oleate‐rich diet to reduce the susceptibility of low‐density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;54:701‐6. - PubMed
Reaven 1993a {published data only}
    1. Reaven PD, Witztum JL. Comparison of supplementation of RRR‐alpha‐tocopherol and racemic alpha‐tocopherol in humans: effects on lipid levels and lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1993;13:601‐8. - PubMed
Reaven 1993b {published data only}
    1. Reaven PD, Parthasarathy S, Grasse BJ, Miller E, Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Effects of oleate‐rich and linoleate‐rich diets on the susceptibility of low‐density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1993;91:668‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Reaven 1993c {published data only}
    1. Reaven PD, Khouw A, Beltz WF, Parthasarathy S, Witztum JL. Effect of dietary antioxidant combinations in humans: protection of LDL by vitamin E but not by beta‐carotene. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1993;13:590‐600. - PubMed
Reaven 1994 {published data only}
    1. Reaven PD, Grasse BJ, Tribble DL. Effects of linoleate‐enriched and oleate‐enriched diets in combination with alpha‐tocopherol on the susceptibility of LDL and LDL subfractions to oxidative modification in humans. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1994;14:557‐66. - PubMed
Reiser 1985 {published data only}
    1. Reiser R, Probstfield JL, Silvers A, Scott LW, Shorney ML, Wood RD, et al. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1985;42:190‐7. - PubMed
Retzloff 1991 {published data only}
    1. Retzloff BM, Dowdy AA, Walden CE, McCann BS, Gey G, Cooper M, et al. Changes in vitamin and mineral intakes and serum concentrations among free living men on cholesterol lowering diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;53(4):890‐8. - PubMed
Riccardi 1987 {published data only}
    1. Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Mancini M. The use of diet to lower plasma cholesterol levels. European Heart Journal 1987;8 Suppl:79‐85. - PubMed
Rivellese 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rivellese AA, Auletta P, Marotta G, Saldalamacchia G, Giacco A, Mastrilli V, et al. Long term metabolic effects of two dietary methods of treating hyperlipidaemia. British Medical Journal 1994;308:227‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Roberts 1994 {published data only}
    1. Roberts WC. The ineffectiveness of a commonly recommended lipid lowering diet in significantly lowering the serum total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. American Journal of Cardiology 1994;73:623‐4. - PubMed
Rona 1985 {published data only}
    1. Rona RJ, Angelico F, Antonini R, Arca M, Brenci G, Ben M, et al. Plasma cholesterol response to a change in dietary fat intake. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 38 1985; Vol. 38, issue 11:927‐34. - PubMed
Rose 1976 {published data only}
    1. Rose V, Allen DM, Pearse RG, Chapell J. Primary hyperlipoproteinemia in childhood and adolescence: identification and treatment of persons at risk for premature atherosclerosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1976;115:753‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Rosenthal 1985 {published data only}
    1. Rosenthal MB, Barnard RJ, Rose DP, Inkeles S, Hall J, Pritikin N. Effects of a high complex carbohydrate, low fat, low cholesterol diet on levels of serum lipids and estradiol. American Journal of Medicine 1985;78:23‐7. - PubMed
Sacks 1986 {published data only}
    1. Sacks FM, Handysides GH, Marais GE, Rosner B, Kass EH. Effects of a low fat diet on plasma lipoprotein levels. Archives of Internal Medicine 1986;146:1573‐7. - PubMed
Sanders 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sanders TA, Younger KM. The effect of dietary supplements of w‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of platelets and plasma choline phosphoglycerides. British Journal of Nutrition 1981;45:613‐6. - PubMed
Sanders 1983 {published data only}
    1. Sanders TA, Hochland MC. A comparison of the influence on plasma lipids and platelet function of supplements of w‐3 and w‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition 1983;50:521‐9. - PubMed
Sanders 1984 {published data only}
    1. Sanders TA, Mistry M. Controlled trials of fish oils supplements on plasma lipid concentrations. British Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement 1984;31:78‐84. - PubMed
Saynor 1982a {published data only}
    1. Saynor R, Verel D. Eicosapentaenoic acid, bleeding time and serum lipids. Lancet 1982;2:272. - PubMed
Saynor 1984a {published data only}
    1. Saynor R, Verel D, Gillott T. The long‐term effect of dietary supplementation with fish lipid concentrate on serum lipids, bleeding time, platelets and angina. Atherosclerosis 1984;50:3‐10. - PubMed
Saynor 1984b {published data only}
    1. Saynor R. Effects of w‐3 fatty acids on serum lipids. Lancet 1984;2:696‐7. - PubMed
Schaefer 1981 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer EJ, Levy RI, Ernst ND, Sant FD, Brewer HB Jr. The effects of low cholesterol, high polyunsaturated fat and low fat diets on plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(9):1758‐63. - PubMed
Schectman 1989 {published data only}
    1. Schectman G, Kaul S, Cherayil GD, Lee M, Kissebah A. Can the hypotriglyceridemia effect of fish oil concentrate be sustained. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;110:346‐52. - PubMed
Schlierf 1982 {published data only}
    1. Schlierf G, Mrozik K, Heuck CC, Middlehoff G, Oster P, Riesen W, et al. "Low dose" colestipol in children, adolescents and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1982;41(1):133‐8. - PubMed
Schonfeld 1982 {published data only}
    1. Schonfeld G, Patsch W, Rudel LL, Nelson C, Epstein M, Olson RE. Effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1982;69(5):1072‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Schwandt 1982 {published data only}
    1. Schwandt P, Janetschek P, Weisweiler P. High density lipoproteins unaffected by dietary fat modification. Atherosclerosis 1982;44:9‐17. - PubMed
Segall 1970 {published data only}
    1. Segall MM, Fosbrooke AS, Lloyd JK, Wolff OH. Treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia in children. Lancet 1970;1:641‐4. - PubMed
Seppanen‐Laakso 1992 {published data only}
    1. Seppanen‐Laakso T, Vanhanen HT, Laakso I, Kohtamaki H, Viikari J. Replacement of butter on bread by rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil containing margarine: effects on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol. British Journal of Nutrition 1992;68:677‐92. - PubMed
Seppanen‐Laakso 1993 {published data only}
    1. Seppanen‐Laakso T, Vanhanen HT, Laakso I, Kohtamaki H, Viikari J. Replacement of margarine on bread by rapeseed and olive oil effects on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 1993;37:161‐74. - PubMed
Shepherd 1978 {published data only}
    1. Shepherd J, Packard CJ, Patsch JR, Gotto AM Jr, Taunton OD. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated and saturated fat on the properties of high density lipoprotein and the metabolism of apolipoprotein A‐1. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1978;61:1582‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Shepherd 1980 {published data only}
    1. Shepherd J, Packard CJ, Grundy SM, Yeshurun D, Gotto AM Jr, Taunton OD. Effects of saturated and polyunsaturated fat diets on the chemical composition and metabolism of low density lipoproteins in man. Journal of Lipid Research 1980;21:91‐9. - PubMed
Shorey 1981 {published data only}
    1. Shorey RAL, Bazan B, Lo GS, Steinke FH. Determinants of hypercholesteraemic response to soy and animal protein‐based diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981; Vol. 34:1769‐78. - PubMed
Siess 1980 {published data only}
    1. Siess W, Roth P, Scherer B, Kurzmann I, Bohlig B, Weber PC. Platelet‐membrane fatty acids, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation during a mackerel diet. Lancet 1980;1:441‐4. - PubMed
Simons 1985a {published data only}
    1. Simons LA, Hickie JB, Balasubramaniam S. On the effects of dietary n‐3 fatty acids (MaxEPA) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1985;54:75‐88. - PubMed
Simons 1985b {published data only}
    1. Simons LA, Hickie JB. On the effects of dietary n‐3 fatty acids (Maxepa) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1985;54:75‐88. - PubMed
Singer 1983 {published data only}
    1. Singer P, Jaeger W, Wirth M, Voight S, Naumann, Zimontkowski S, et al. Lipid and blood pressure‐lowering effect of mackerel diet in man. Atherosclerosis 1983;49(1):99‐108. - PubMed
Singer 1984 {published data only}
    1. Singer P, Voigt S, Wirth M, et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid‐rich diet on risk factors of atherosclerosis in healthy subject and patients with essential hypertension and hyperlipoproteinemia [Zur Beeinflussung von Risikofaktoren der Arteriosklerose durch eicosapentaensourereiche Diet bei klinisch Gesunden sowie Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie und Hyperlipoproteinomie]. Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen 1984;39:219‐23.
Singer 1986 {published data only}
    1. Singer P, Wirth M, Godlicke W, Jaeger W, Voight S. Slow desaturation and elongation of linoleic and alpha‐linolenic acids as a rationale of eicosapentaenoic acid‐rich diet to lower blood pressure and serum lipids in normal, hypertensive and hyperlipemic subjects. Leukotrienes & Medicine 1986;24:173‐93. - PubMed
Sirtori 1977 {published data only}
    1. Sirtori CR, Agradi E, Conti F, Mantero O, Gatti E. Soybean protein diet in the treatment of type II hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet 1977;1:275‐7. - PubMed
Sirtori 1979 {published data only}
    1. Sirtori CR, Gatti E, Mantero O, Conti F, Agradi E, Tremoli E, et al. Clinical experience with the soybean protein diet in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32(8):1645‐58. - PubMed
Sirtori 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sirtori CR, Descovich GC, Noseda G. The soybean protein diet does not lower plasma cholesterol?. Atherosclerosis 1981;38:423. - PubMed
Sirtori 1986 {published data only}
    1. Sirtori CR, Tremoli E, Gatti E, Montanari G, Sirtori M, Colli S, et al. Controlled evaluation of fat intake in the Mediterranean diet: comparative activities of olive oil and corn oil on plasma lipids and platelets in high‐risk patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986; Vol. 44, issue 5:635‐42. - PubMed
Sirtori 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sirtori CR, Gatti E, Tremoli E, Gatti C, Gianfranceschi G, Franceschini G, et al. Olive oil, corn oil and n‐3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56(1):113‐22. - PubMed
Sperling 1987 {published data only}
    1. Sperling RI, Robin JL, Kylander KA, Lee TH, Lewis RA, Austen KF. The effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the generation of platelet‐activating factor‐acether by human monocytes. Journal of Immunology 1987;139(12):4186‐91. - PubMed
Stein 1975 {published data only}
    1. Stein EA, Mendelsohn D, Fleming M, Barnard CD, Carter KJ, du Toit PS, et al. Lowering of plasma cholesterol levels in free‐living adolescent males: use of natural and synthetic polyunsaturated foods to provide balanced fat diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1975;28(11):1204‐16. - PubMed
Stein 1982 {published data only}
    1. Stein EA, Shapero J, McNerney C, Glueck CJ, Tracy T, Gartside P. Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fractions after alteration in dietary cholesterol, polyunsaturated, saturated and total fat in free‐living normal and hypercholesterolemic children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;35:1375‐90. - PubMed
Stephens 1996 {published data only}
    1. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary heart disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996;347(9004):781‐6. - PubMed
Subbaiah 1989 {published data only}
    1. Subbaiah PV, Davidson MH, Ritter MC, Buchanan W, Bagdade JD. Effects of dietary supplementation with marine lipid concentrate on the plasma lipoprotein composition of hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 1989;79:157‐66. - PubMed
Sucic 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sucic M, Katica D, Kovacevic V. Effect of dietary fish supplementation on lipiprotein levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Collegium Antropologicum 1998;22(1):77‐83. - PubMed
Szczeklik 1985 {published data only}
    1. Szczeklik A, Gryglewski RJ, Domagala B, Dworski R, Basista M. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipoproteinaemias: effects on plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity, prostacyclin generation and platelet aggregability. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1985;54:425‐30. - PubMed
Thorngren 1981 {published data only}
    1. Thorngren M, Gustafson A. Effects of 11 week increase in dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on bleeding time, lipids and platelet aggregation. Lancet 1981;2:1190‐3. - PubMed
Thorngren 1984 {published data only}
    1. Thorngren M, Shafi M, Born GVR. Delay in primary haemostasis produced by a fish diet without change in local thromboxane A2. British Journal of Haematology 1984;58:567‐78. - PubMed
Thorngren 1986 {published data only}
    1. Thorngren M, Nilsson E, Gustafson A. Plasma lipoproteins and fatty acid composition during moderate EPA diet. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1986;219:23‐8. - PubMed
Tonstad 1997b {published data only}
    1. Tonstad S, Aksnes L. Fat soluble vitamin levels in familial hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Pediatrics 1997;130:274‐80. - PubMed
Ullmann 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ullmann D, Connor WE, Illingworth DR, Hagemenas FC, Pappu A. Additive effects of Lovastatin and fish oil in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(5):846a.
Uusitupa 1991 {published data only}
    1. Uusitupa M, Ebeling T, Happonen P, Vartilainen E, Turtola H, Parviainen M, Pyorala K. Combination therapy with lovastatin and guar gum versus lovastatin and cholestyramine in treatment of hypercholesterolemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;18:496‐503. - PubMed
Valsta 1992 {published data only}
    1. Valsta L, Jauhiainen M, Aro A, Katan MB, Mutanen M. Effects of a monounsaturated rapeseed oil and a polyunsaturated sunflower oil diet on lipoprotein levels in humans. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 1992;12:50‐7. - PubMed
Van Gent 1979 {published data only}
    1. Gent CM, Luten JB, Brongeest‐Schoute HO, Ruiter A. Effect on serum lipid levels of w‐3 fatty acids, of ingesting fish oil concentrate. Lancet 1979;2:1249‐50. - PubMed
Vanhanen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Vanhanen HT, Miettinen TA. Effects of sitostanol ester, dissolved in dietary oil, on serum cholesterol, plant sterols and cholesterol precursors. Circulation 1991;84 (Suppl II):601.
Vanhanen 1993 {published data only}
    1. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvonen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstila I, et al. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. Journal of Lipid Research 1993;34:1535‐44. - PubMed
Vanhanen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA. Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clinical Science 1994;87:61‐7. - PubMed
Van Horn 1986 {published data only}
    1. Horn LV, Liu K, Parker D, Emdiy L, Liao YL, Pan WH, et al. Serum lipid response to oat product intake with a fat modified diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1986;86(6):759‐64. - PubMed
Varady 2007 {published data only}
    1. Varady KA, Houweling AH, Jones PJ. Effect of plant sterols and exercise training on cholesterol absorption and synthesis in previously sedentary hypercholesterolemic subjects. Translational Research 2007;149(1):22‐30. - PubMed
Vega 1982 {published data only}
    1. Vega GL, Groszek E, Wolfe R, Grundy SM. Influence of polyunsaturated fats on plasma lipoprotein composition and apolipoprotein. Journal of Lipid Research 1982; Vol. 23:811‐22. - PubMed
Verrillo 1985 {published data only}
    1. Verrillo A, Teresa A de, Carandente Giarrusso P, Rocca S. Soybean protein diets in the management of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis 1985; Vol. 54:321‐31. - PubMed
Vessby 1980a {published data only}
    1. Vessby B, Gustafsson IB, Boberg J, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Werner I. Substituting polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat as a single change in a Swedish diet: effects on serum lipoprotein metabolism and glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1980;10:193‐202. - PubMed
Vessby 1980b {published data only}
    1. Vessby B, Boberg J, Gustafsson IB, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Ostlund‐Lindqvist AM. Reduction of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A‐1 concentrations by a lipid‐lowering diet. Atherosclerosis 1980;35:21‐7. - PubMed
Vessby 1982 {published data only}
    1. Vessby B, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Gustafsson IB, Werner I. The effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of replacing some animal protein by soy‐protein in a lipid‐lowering diet for hypercholesterolaemic patients. Human Nutrition Applied Nutrition 1982;36A:179‐89. - PubMed
Von Schacky 1985 {published data only}
    1. Schacky C, Fischer S, Weber PC. Long‐term effects of dietary marine omega‐3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function and eicosanoid formation in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1985;76:1626‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Von Schacky 1987 {published data only}
    1. Schacky C. Prophylaxis of atherosclerosis with marine omega‐3 fatty acids. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;107:890‐9. - PubMed
Vuorio 2000 {published data only}
    1. Vuorio AF, Gylling H, Turtola H, Kontula K, Ketonen P, Miettinen TA. Stanol ester margarine alone and with simvastatin lowers serum cholesterol in families with hypercholesterolemia caused by the FH‐Karelia mutation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2000;20(2):500‐6. - PubMed
Wardlaw 1990 {published data only}
    1. Wardlaw GM, Snook JT. Effects of diets high in butter, corn oil or high‐oleic acid sunflower oil on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;51:815‐21. - PubMed
Weisweiler 1983 {published data only}
    1. Weisweiler P, Drosner M, Janetschek P, Schwandt P. Changes in very low and low density lipoproteins with dietary fat modification. Atherosclerosis 1983;49:325‐32. - PubMed
Weisweiler 1985 {published data only}
    1. Weisweiler P, Janetschek P, Schwandt P. Influence of polyunsaturated fats and fat restriction on serum lipoproteins in humans. Metabolism 1985;34:83‐7. - PubMed
Widhalm 1978 {published data only}
    1. Widhalm K, Maxa E, Zyman H. Effect of diet and exercise upon the cholesterol and triglyceride content of plasma lipoproteins in overweight children. European Journal of Pediatrics 1978;127:121‐6. - PubMed
Widhalm 1993 {published data only}
    1. Widhalm K, Brazada G. Effect of soy protein diet versus standard low fat, low cholesterol diet on lipid and lipoprotein levels in children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolaemia. Journal of Pediatrics 1993;123:30‐4. - PubMed
Williams 1986 {published data only}
    1. Williams PT, Krauss RM, Kindel‐Joyce S, Dreon DM, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Relationship of dietary fat, protein, cholesterol and fiber intake to atherogenic lipoproteins in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;44:788‐97. - PubMed
Wilson 1971 {published data only}
    1. Wilson WS, Hulley SB, Burrows M, Nichaman MZ. Serial lipid and lipoprotein responses to the American Heart Association fat controlled diet. American Journal of Medicine 1971;51:491‐503. - PubMed
Wilt 1989 {published data only}
    1. Wilt TJ, Lofgren RP, Nichol KS, Schorer AE, Crespin L, Downes D, et al. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;111:900‐5. - PubMed
Witters 1976 {published data only}
    1. Witters LA, Herbert PN, Shulman RS, Krauss RM, Levy RI. Theraputic failure in familial Type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Metabolism 1976;25:1017‐26. - PubMed
Wolf 1983 {published data only}
    1. Wolf RN, Grundy SM. Influence of exchanging carbohydrate for saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in men. Journal of Nutrition 1983;113:1521‐8. - PubMed
Wolfe 1991 {published data only}
    1. Wolfe BM, Giovannetti PM. Short‐term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Metabolism 1991;40:338‐43. - PubMed
Worne 1959 {published data only}
    1. Worne HE, Smith LW. Effects of certain pure long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid esters on blood lipids in man. American Journal of Medical Science 1959;237:710‐21. - PubMed
Yacowitz 1965 {published data only}
    1. Yacowitz H, Fleischman AI, Bierenbaum ML. Effects of oral calcium upon serum lipids in man. British Medical Journal 1965;1:1352‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 1993 {published data only}
    1. Zhao XQ, Brown BG, Hillger L, Sacco D, Bisson B, Fisher L, et al. Effects of intensive lipid‐lowering therapy on the coronary arteries of asymptomatic subjects with elevated apolipoprotein B. Circulation 1993; Vol. 88:2744‐53. - PubMed
Zimmerman 1986 {published data only}
    1. Zimmerman J, Eisenberg S, Kaufmann NA, Fainaru M, OSchry Y, Friedlander Y, et al. Effect of moderate isocaloric modification of dietary carbohydrate on high density lipoprotein composition and apolipoprotein A‐1 turnover in humans. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1986;22(2):95‐104. - PubMed
Zino 1987 {published data only}
    1. Zino S, Skeaff M, Williams S, Mann J. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma concentrations of lipids and antioxidants. British Medical Journal 1997;314:1787‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Zock 1992 {published data only}
    1. Zock PL, Katan MB. Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fatty acids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins in humans. Journal of Lipid Research 1992;33:399‐410. - PubMed
Zucker 1983 {published data only}
    1. Zucker ML, Woodroof J, DeCoursey S, Jackson B, Dujovne CA. The effect of variable fat diets and cholesterol‐lowering drugs on Antithrombin III levels in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. Thrombosis Research 1983;30:661‐9. - PubMed
Zucker 1988 {published data only}
    1. Zucker ML, Bilyeu DS, Helmkamp GM, Harris WS, Dujovne CA. Effects of dietary fish oil on platelet function and plasma lipids in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 1988;73:13‐22. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Fuentes 2008 {published data only}
    1. Fuentes F, Lopez‐Miranda J, Garcia A, Perez‐Martinez P, Moreno J, Cofan M, et al. Basal plasma concentrations of plant sterols can predict LDL‐C response to sitosterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;62(4):495‐501. - PubMed
Stein 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stein EA, Amerena J, Ballantyne CM, Brice E, Farnier M, Guthrie RM, et al. Long‐term efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 40 mg in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 2007;100(9):1387‐96. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Párraga ongoing {published data only}
    1. Párraga I, López‐Torres J, Andrés F, Navarro B, Campo JM, García‐Reyes M, et al. Effect of plant sterols on the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Randomised, experimental study. www.biomedcentral.com/1472‐6882/11/73 (BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine) (accessed 01 March 2012). - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

AHA Statement 2007
    1. McCrindle BW, Urbina EM, Dennison BA, Jacobson MC, Steinberger J, Rocchin AP, et al. AHA Scientific Statement. Drug therapy of high risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, hypertension and obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular disease in the Young with the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation 2007;115(14):1948‐67. - PubMed
Austin 2004
    1. Austin MA, Hutter CM, Zimmern RL, Humphries SE. Familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease: a HuGE association review. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004;160(5):421‐9. - PubMed
Avis 2007
    1. Avis HJ, Vissers MN, Stein EA, Wijburg FA, Frip MD, Kastelein JJ, et al. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2007;27(8):1803‐10. - PubMed
Brown 1999
    1. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol‐lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta‐analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(1):30‐42. - PubMed
Elbourne 2002
    1. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta‐analyses involving cross‐over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140‐9. - PubMed
Goldberg 2011
    1. Goldberg AC, Hopkins PN, Toth PP, Ballantyne CM, Rader DJ, Robinson JG, et al. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2011;5(3 suppl):51‐8. [Goldberg 2011] - PubMed
Goldstein 1995
    1. Goldstein JL, Hobbs HH, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D editor(s). The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. 7th Edition. Vol. 2, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1995:1981‐2030.
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Hopkins 2011
    1. Hopkins PN, Toth PP, Ballantyne CM, Rader DJ. Familial Hypercholesterolemias:prevalence, genetics, diagnosis and screening recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2011;5(3 suppl):S9–S17. [Hopkins 2011] - PubMed
Howell 1997
    1. Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta‐analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:747‐64. - PubMed
Levantesi 2010
    1. Levantesi G, Silletta MG, Marchioli R. Uses and benefits of omega‐3 ethyl esters in patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2010;3:79–96. - PMC - PubMed
Maclean 1994
    1. Maclean M. Lipid disorders. In: Shaw V, Lawson M editor(s). Clinical Paediatric Dietetics. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1994:239‐45.
Marais 2004
    1. Marais AD. Familial hypercholesterolaemia. Clinical Biochemist Reviews 2004;25(1):49‐68. [Marais 2004] - PMC - PubMed
Marks 2003
    1. Marks D, Thorogood M, Neil AW, Humphries SE. A review on the diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 2003;168(1):1‐14. - PubMed
Marlett 1997
    1. Marlett JA. Sites and mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic actions of soluble dietary fiber sources. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1997;427:109‐21. - PubMed
O'Connor 1990
    1. O'Connor P, Feely J, Shepherd J. Lipid lowering drugs. BMJ 1990;300(6725):667‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Rader 2003
    1. Rader DJ, Cohen J, Hobbs HH. Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003;111(12):1795‐1803. [Rader 2003] - PMC - PubMed
RevMan 2011 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
SBRG 1991
    1. Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group. Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. BMJ 1991;303(6807):893‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Schneeman 1998
    1. Schneeman BO. Dietary fiber and gastrointestinal function. Nutrition Research 1998;18:625‐32. - PubMed
Shafiq 2007
    1. Shafiq N, Bhasin B, Pattanaik S, Pandhi P, Venkateshan SP, Singh M, et al. A meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy of statins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2007;45(10):548‐55. - PubMed
Tonstad 1997a
    1. Tonstad S. A rational approach to treating hypercholesterolaemia in children. Weighing the risks and benefits. Drug safety 1997;16(5):330‐41. - PubMed
US FDA 2010
    1. U.S. Food, Drug Administration. Food Labeling; Health Claim; Phytosterols and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‐2010‐12‐08/pdf/2010‐30386.pdf (accessed 01 March 2012).
Wray 1996
    1. Wray R, Neil H, Rees J. Screening for hyperlipidaemia in childhood. Recommendations of the British Hyperlipidaemia Association. Journal of Royal College of Physicians London 1996;30(2):115‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Yeste 2009
    1. Yeste D, Chacon P, Clemente M, Albisu MA, Gussinye M, Carracosa A. Ezetimibe as monotherapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;22(6):487‐92. [Yeste 2009] - PubMed
Zavala 2006
    1. Zavala D, Martí‐Carvajal A, Peña‐Martí G, Comunián G. Data extraction sheet to help manage the characteristics of included studies in Cochrane reviews. Valencia: Universidad de Carabobo, 2006.. www.cochrane.fcs.uc.edu.ve/hrs (accessed 01 March 2012).

References to other published versions of this review

Shafiq 2010
    1. Shafiq N, Singh M, Kaur S, Khosla P, Malhotra S. Dietary treatment for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001918.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources