Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2014 Oct;59(7):1020-6.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu450. Epub 2014 Jun 13.

Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial

Marc M Solomon  1 , Kenneth H Mayer  2 , David V Glidden  3 , Albert Y Liu  4 , Vanessa M McMahan  5 , Juan V Guanira  6 , Suwat Chariyalertsak  7 , Telmo Fernandez  8 , Robert M Grant  1 ; iPrEx Study Team
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial

Marc M Solomon et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct.

Abstract

Background: Syphilis infection may potentiate transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We sought to determine the extent to which HIV acquisition was associated with syphilis infection within an HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trial and whether emtricitabine/tenofovir (FTC/TDF) modified that association.

Methods: The Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study randomly assigned 2499 HIV-seronegative men and transgender women who have sex with men (MSM) to receive oral daily FTC/TDF or placebo. Syphilis prevalence at screening and incidence during follow-up were measured. Hazard ratios for the effect of incident syphilis on HIV acquisition were calculated. The effect of FTC/TDF on incident syphilis and HIV acquisition was assessed.

Results: Of 2499 individuals, 360 (14.4%) had a positive rapid plasma reagin test at screening; 333 (92.5%) had a positive confirmatory test, which did not differ between the arms (FTC/TDF vs placebo, P = .81). The overall syphilis incidence during the trial was 7.3 cases per 100 person-years. There was no difference in syphilis incidence between the study arms (7.8 cases per 100 person-years for FTC/TDF vs 6.8 cases per 100 person-years for placebo, P = .304). HIV incidence varied by incident syphilis (2.8 cases per 100 person-years for no syphilis vs 8.0 cases per 100 person-years for incident syphilis), reflecting a hazard ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-4.4; P < .001). There was no evidence for interaction between randomization to the FTC/TDF arm and incident syphilis on HIV incidence.

Conclusions: In HIV-seronegative MSM, syphilis infection was associated with HIV acquisition in this PrEP trial; a syphilis diagnosis should prompt providers to offer PrEP unless otherwise contraindicated.

Keywords: HIV prevention; MSM; chemoprophylaxis; preexposure prophylaxis; syphilis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence according to incident syphilis and treatment arm. Abbreviation: FTC/TDF, emtricitabine/tenofovir.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

  • Reply to Boyd et al.
    Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, Guanira JV, Grant RM. Solomon MM, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Jan 15;60(2):327. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu814. Epub 2014 Oct 16. Clin Infect Dis. 2015. PMID: 25323702 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
  • Is it time to rethink syphilis control?
    Boyd MA, Donovan B, Prestage G, Chen M, Petoumenos K, Gray R, Guy R, Rogers GB, Bourne C, Klausner JD. Boyd MA, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Jan 15;60(2):325-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu813. Epub 2014 Oct 16. Clin Infect Dis. 2015. PMID: 25323705 No abstract available.

References

    1. World Health Organization . Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections—2008. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.
    1. Sexton J, Garnett G, Rottingen JA. Metaanalysis and metaregression in interpreting study variability in the impact of sexually transmitted diseases on susceptibility to HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:351–7. - PubMed
    1. Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3–17. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dickerson MC, Johnston J, Delea TE, White A, Andrews E. The causal role for genital ulcer disease as a risk factor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. An application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Sex Transm Dis. 1996;23:429–40. - PubMed
    1. Clottey C, Dallabetta G. Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. Epidemiologic synergy? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993;7:753–70. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms