Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and brain tumor risks in the INTEROCC study

Abstract

Background: Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF) is a suspected risk factor for brain tumors, however the literature is inconsistent. Few studies have assessed whether ELF in different time windows of exposure may be associated with specific histologic types of brain tumors. This study examines the association between ELF and brain tumors in the large-scale INTEROCC study.

Methods: Cases of adult primary glioma and meningioma were recruited in seven countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom) between 2000 and 2004. Estimates of mean workday ELF exposure based on a job exposure matrix were assigned. Estimates of cumulative exposure, average exposure, maximum exposure, and exposure duration were calculated for the lifetime, and 1 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10+ years before the diagnosis/reference date.

Results: There were 3,761 included brain tumor cases (1,939 glioma and 1,822 meningioma) and 5,404 population controls. There was no association between lifetime cumulative ELF exposure and glioma or meningioma risk. However, there were positive associations between cumulative ELF 1 to 4 years before the diagnosis/reference date and glioma [odds ratio (OR) ≥ 90th percentile vs. < 25th percentile, 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36-2.07; PLinear trend < 0.0001], and, somewhat weaker associations with meningioma (OR ≥ 90th percentile vs. < 25th percentile, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.97-1.57; PLinear trend = 0.02).

Conclusions: Results showed positive associations between ELF in the recent past and glioma.

Impact: Occupational ELF exposure may play a role in the later stages (promotion and progression) of brain tumorigenesis.

Figure 1

Figure 1a. Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for glioma in relation to categories of cumulative occupational ELF-MF exposure in the 1–4, 5–9, and 10+ year time windows prior to the date of diagnosis/reference date from a simultaneous exposure time windows model with cutpoints based on the 25^th, 50^th, 75^th, and 90^th percentile, INTEROCC study, 2000–2004, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, and United Kingdom Figure 1b. Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for meningioma in relation to categories of cumulative occupational ELF-MF exposure in the 1–4, 5–9, and 10+ year time windows prior to the date of diagnosis/reference date from a simultaneous exposure time windows model with cutpoints based on the 25^th, 50^th, 75^th, and 90^th percentile, INTEROCC study, 2000–2004, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, and United Kingdom