Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study

doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70065-1

Multicenter Study

. 2014 Jul;13(7):686-99.

doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70065-1.

Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study

Raffaele Ferrari¹, Dena G Hernandez², Michael A Nalls³, Jonathan D Rohrer⁴, Adaikalavan Ramasamy⁵, John B J Kwok⁶, Carol Dobson-Stone⁶, William S Brooks⁶, Peter R Schofield⁶, Glenda M Halliday⁶, John R Hodges⁶, Olivier Piguet⁶, Lauren Bartley⁷, Elizabeth Thompson⁸, Eric Haan⁸, Isabel Hernández⁹, Agustín Ruiz⁹, Mercè Boada¹⁰, Barbara Borroni¹¹, Alessandro Padovani¹¹, Carlos Cruchaga¹², Nigel J Cairns¹³, Luisa Benussi¹⁴, Giuliano Binetti¹⁴, Roberta Ghidoni¹⁵, Gianluigi Forloni¹⁶, Daniela Galimberti¹⁷, Chiara Fenoglio¹⁷, Maria Serpente¹⁷, Elio Scarpini¹⁷, Jordi Clarimón¹⁸, Alberto Lleó¹⁸, Rafael Blesa¹⁸, Maria Landqvist Waldö¹⁹, Karin Nilsson¹⁹, Christer Nilsson²⁰, Ian R A Mackenzie²¹, Ging-Yuek R Hsiung²², David M A Mann²³, Jordan Grafman²⁴, Christopher M Morris²⁵, Johannes Attems²⁶, Timothy D Griffiths²⁷, Ian G McKeith²⁸, Alan J Thomas²⁹, P Pietrini³⁰, Edward D Huey³¹, Eric M Wassermann³², Atik Baborie³³, Evelyn Jaros³⁴, Michael C Tierney³², Pau Pastor³⁵, Cristina Razquin³⁶, Sara Ortega-Cubero³⁷, Elena Alonso³⁶, Robert Perneczky³⁸, Janine Diehl-Schmid³⁹, Panagiotis Alexopoulos³⁹, Alexander Kurz³⁹, Innocenzo Rainero⁴⁰, Elisa Rubino⁴⁰, Lorenzo Pinessi⁴⁰, Ekaterina Rogaeva⁴¹, Peter St George-Hyslop⁴², Giacomina Rossi⁴³, Fabrizio Tagliavini⁴³, Giorgio Giaccone⁴³, James B Rowe⁴⁴, Johannes C M Schlachetzki⁴⁵, James Uphill⁴⁶, John Collinge⁴⁶, Simon Mead⁴⁶, Adrian Danek⁴⁷, Vivianna M Van Deerlin⁴⁸, Murray Grossman⁴⁸, John Q Trojanowski⁴⁸, Julie van der Zee⁴⁹, William Deschamps⁴⁹, Tim Van Langenhove⁴⁹, Marc Cruts⁴⁹, Christine Van Broeckhoven⁴⁹, Stefano F Cappa⁵⁰, Isabelle Le Ber⁵¹, Didier Hannequin⁵², Véronique Golfier⁵³, Martine Vercelletto⁵⁴, Alexis Brice⁵¹, Benedetta Nacmias⁵⁵, Sandro Sorbi⁵⁵, Silvia Bagnoli⁵⁵, Irene Piaceri⁵⁵, Jørgen E Nielsen⁵⁶, Lena E Hjermind⁵⁶, Matthias Riemenschneider⁵⁷, Manuel Mayhaus⁵⁸, Bernd Ibach⁵⁹, Gilles Gasparoni⁵⁸, Sabrina Pichler⁵⁸, Wei Gu⁶⁰, Martin N Rossor⁶¹, Nick C Fox⁶¹, Jason D Warren⁶¹, Maria Grazia Spillantini⁶², Huw R Morris⁶³, Patrizia Rizzu⁶⁴, Peter Heutink⁶⁴, Julie S Snowden⁶⁵, Sara Rollinson⁶⁵, Anna Richardson⁶⁶, Alexander Gerhard⁶⁷, Amalia C Bruni⁶⁸, Raffaele Maletta⁶⁸, Francesca Frangipane⁶⁸, Chiara Cupidi⁶⁸, Livia Bernardi⁶⁸, Maria Anfossi⁶⁸, Maura Gallo⁶⁸, Maria Elena Conidi⁶⁸, Nicoletta Smirne⁶⁸, Rosa Rademakers⁶⁹, Matt Baker⁶⁹, Dennis W Dickson⁶⁹, Neill R Graff-Radford⁷⁰, Ronald C Petersen⁷¹, David Knopman⁷¹, Keith A Josephs⁷¹, Bradley F Boeve⁷¹, Joseph E Parisi⁷², William W Seeley⁷³, Bruce L Miller⁷³, Anna M Karydas⁷³, Howard Rosen⁷³, John C van Swieten⁷⁴, Elise G P Dopper⁷⁵, Harro Seelaar⁷⁵, Yolande A L Pijnenburg⁷⁶, Philip Scheltens⁷⁶, Giancarlo Logroscino⁷⁷, Rosa Capozzo⁷⁷, Valeria Novelli⁷⁸, Annibale A Puca⁷⁹, Massimo Franceschi⁸⁰, Alfredo Postiglione⁸¹, Graziella Milan⁸², Paolo Sorrentino⁸², Mark Kristiansen⁸³, Huei-Hsin Chiang⁸⁴, Caroline Graff⁸⁴, Florence Pasquier⁸⁵, Adeline Rollin⁸⁵, Vincent Deramecourt⁸⁵, Florence Lebert⁸⁵, Dimitrios Kapogiannis⁸⁶, Luigi Ferrucci⁸⁷, Stuart Pickering-Brown⁶⁵, Andrew B Singleton³, John Hardy⁸⁸, Parastoo Momeni⁸⁹

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
² Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁴ Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
⁵ Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
⁶ Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁷ Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸ South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁹ Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹ Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
¹² Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹³ Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁴ NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹⁵ Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹⁶ Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
¹⁷ University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
¹⁸ Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹ Unit of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
²⁰ Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
²¹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
²² Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
²³ Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, UK.
²⁴ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA.
²⁵ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁶ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁷ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁸ Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁹ Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
³⁰ Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
³¹ Taub Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 10032.
³² Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³³ Neuropathology Department, Walton Centre FT, Liverpool, UK.
³⁴ Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Neuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
³⁵ Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain.
³⁶ Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
³⁷ Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
³⁸ Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London TW8 8 DS, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
³⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
⁴⁰ Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy.
⁴¹ Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴² Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁴³ Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
⁴⁴ Cambridge University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Germany; Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
⁴⁶ MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
⁴⁷ Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
⁴⁸ University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁴⁹ Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁵⁰ Neurorehabilitation Unit, Deptartment Of Clinical Neuroscience, Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
⁵¹ Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; and CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie-Centre de Références des Démences Rares, F-75013, Paris, France.
⁵² Service de Neurologie, Inserm U1079, CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, France.
⁵³ Service de neurologie, CH Saint Brieuc, France.
⁵⁴ Service de Neurologie, CHU Nantes, France.
⁵⁵ Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁵⁶ Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁷ Saarland University Hospital, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
⁵⁸ Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
⁵⁹ University Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universitätsstr 84, Regensburg, Germany.
⁶⁰ Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Luxembourg Centre For Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
⁶¹ Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
⁶² University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Brain Repair Centre, Cambridge, UK.
⁶³ MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
⁶⁴ German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁶⁵ Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁶⁶ Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
⁶⁷ Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, UK.
⁶⁸ Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy.
⁶⁹ Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁷² Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁷³ Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Alzheimer Centre and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁷ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the Aldo Moro, University of Bari, Italy.
⁷⁸ Department of Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione S Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.
⁷⁹ Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.
⁸⁰ Neurology Department, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
⁸¹ Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
⁸² Geriatric Center Frullone-ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy.
⁸³ UCL Genomics, Institute of Child Health (ICH), UCL, London, UK.
⁸⁴ Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska Universtiy Hospital, Stockholm.
⁸⁵ Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
⁸⁶ Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁸⁷ Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁸ Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Electronic address: j.hardy@ucl.ac.uk.
⁸⁹ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.

PMID: 24943344
PMCID: PMC4112126
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70065-1

Multicenter Study

Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study

Raffaele Ferrari et al. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Jul.

. 2014 Jul;13(7):686-99.

doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70065-1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
² Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁴ Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
⁵ Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
⁶ Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁷ Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸ South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁹ Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹ Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
¹² Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹³ Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁴ NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹⁵ Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹⁶ Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
¹⁷ University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
¹⁸ Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹ Unit of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
²⁰ Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
²¹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
²² Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
²³ Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, UK.
²⁴ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA.
²⁵ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁶ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁷ Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁸ Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
²⁹ Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
³⁰ Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
³¹ Taub Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 10032.
³² Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
³³ Neuropathology Department, Walton Centre FT, Liverpool, UK.
³⁴ Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Neuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
³⁵ Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain.
³⁶ Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
³⁷ Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
³⁸ Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London TW8 8 DS, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
³⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
⁴⁰ Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy.
⁴¹ Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴² Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁴³ Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
⁴⁴ Cambridge University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Germany; Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
⁴⁶ MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
⁴⁷ Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
⁴⁸ University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁴⁹ Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁵⁰ Neurorehabilitation Unit, Deptartment Of Clinical Neuroscience, Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
⁵¹ Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; and CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie-Centre de Références des Démences Rares, F-75013, Paris, France.
⁵² Service de Neurologie, Inserm U1079, CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, France.
⁵³ Service de neurologie, CH Saint Brieuc, France.
⁵⁴ Service de Neurologie, CHU Nantes, France.
⁵⁵ Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁵⁶ Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁷ Saarland University Hospital, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
⁵⁸ Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
⁵⁹ University Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universitätsstr 84, Regensburg, Germany.
⁶⁰ Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Luxembourg Centre For Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
⁶¹ Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
⁶² University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Brain Repair Centre, Cambridge, UK.
⁶³ MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
⁶⁴ German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁶⁵ Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁶⁶ Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
⁶⁷ Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, UK.
⁶⁸ Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy.
⁶⁹ Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁷² Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁷³ Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Alzheimer Centre and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁷ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the Aldo Moro, University of Bari, Italy.
⁷⁸ Department of Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione S Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.
⁷⁹ Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy.
⁸⁰ Neurology Department, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
⁸¹ Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
⁸² Geriatric Center Frullone-ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy.
⁸³ UCL Genomics, Institute of Child Health (ICH), UCL, London, UK.
⁸⁴ Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska Universtiy Hospital, Stockholm.
⁸⁵ Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
⁸⁶ Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁸⁷ Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁸ Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Electronic address: j.hardy@ucl.ac.uk.
⁸⁹ Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.

PMID: 24943344
PMCID: PMC4112126
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70065-1

Abstract

Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a complex disorder characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations, differential pathological signatures, and genetic variability. Mutations in three genes-MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72--have been associated with FTD. We sought to identify novel genetic risk loci associated with the disorder.

Methods: We did a two-stage genome-wide association study on clinical FTD, analysing samples from 3526 patients with FTD and 9402 healthy controls. To reduce genetic heterogeneity, all participants were of European ancestry. In the discovery phase (samples from 2154 patients with FTD and 4308 controls), we did separate association analyses for each FTD subtype (behavioural variant FTD, semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, and FTD overlapping with motor neuron disease [FTD-MND]), followed by a meta-analysis of the entire dataset. We carried forward replication of the novel suggestive loci in an independent sample series (samples from 1372 patients and 5094 controls) and then did joint phase and brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci analyses for the associated (p<5 × 10(-8)) single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Findings: We identified novel associations exceeding the genome-wide significance threshold (p<5 × 10(-8)). Combined (joint) analyses of discovery and replication phases showed genome-wide significant association at 6p21.3, HLA locus (immune system), for rs9268877 (p=1·05 × 10(-8); odds ratio=1·204 [95% CI 1·11-1·30]), rs9268856 (p=5·51 × 10(-9); 0·809 [0·76-0·86]) and rs1980493 (p value=1·57 × 10(-8), 0·775 [0·69-0·86]) in the entire cohort. We also identified a potential novel locus at 11q14, encompassing RAB38/CTSC (the transcripts of which are related to lysosomal biology), for the behavioural FTD subtype for which joint analyses showed suggestive association for rs302668 (p=2·44 × 10(-7); 0·814 [0·71-0·92]). Analysis of expression and methylation quantitative trait loci data suggested that these loci might affect expression and methylation in cis.

Interpretation: Our findings suggest that immune system processes (link to 6p21.3) and possibly lysosomal and autophagy pathways (link to 11q14) are potentially involved in FTD. Our findings need to be replicated to better define the association of the newly identified loci with disease and to shed light on the pathomechanisms contributing to FTD.

Funding: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institute on Aging, the Wellcome/MRC Centre on Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's Research UK, and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests

RF, DGH, MAN, JDR, AR, JBJK, CDS, WSB, GMH, JRH, OP, LB, ET, EH, IH, AR, MB, BB, AP, CC, NJC, LB, GB, RG, GF, DG, CF, MS, ES, JC, AL, RB, MLW, KN, CN, IRAM, GYRH, DMAM, JG, CMM, JA, TDG, IGM, AJT, PP, EDH, EMW, AB, EJ, MCT, PP, CR, SOC, EA, RP, JDS, PA, AK, IR, ER, LP, ER, PStGH, GR, FT, GG, JBR, JCMS, JU, JC, SM, AD, VMVD, MG, JQT, JvdZ, WD, TVL, SFC, ILB, DH, VG, MV, AB, BN, SS, SB, IP, JEN, LEH, MR, MM, BI, GG, SP, WG, MNR, NCF, JDW, MGS, HRM, PR, PH, JSS, SR, AR, AG, ACB, RM, FF, CC, LB, MA, MG, MEC, NS, MB, KAJ, JEP, WWS, AMK, HR, JCvS, EGPD, HS, YALP, PS, GL, RC, VN, AAP, MF, AP, GM, PS, MK, HHC, CG, FP, AR, VD, FL, DK, LF, SPB, JH, PM, and ABS declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Figure 1. Manhattan plots identifying regions with genome–wide significant associations**
(A) Manhattan plot for the entire dataset of the discovery phase depicts the associated regionat 6p21.3. Single–nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with smallest p values and their location within or in proximity of the nearest genes are shown. (B) Manhattan plot for the behavioural frontotemporal dementia set in the discovery phase depicts the associated region at 11q14.

**Figure 2. Manhattan plots identifying regions with genome–wide significant associations**
SNPs with smallest p values and their location within or in proximity of the nearest genes are shown.Manhattan plots for semantic dementia (C), progressive nonfluent aphasia (D), and motor neurone disease (E) frontotemporal dementia sets.

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Comment in

Genome-wide association study in FTD: divide to conquer.
Girard SL, Rouleau GA. Girard SL, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Jul;13(7):643-4. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70070-5. Lancet Neurol. 2014. PMID: 24943334 No abstract available.

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References

1. Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998;51:1546–1554. - PubMed
1. Rabinovici GD, Miller BL. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:375–398. - PMC - PubMed
1. Rohrer JD, Warren JD. Phenotypic signatures of genetic frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:542–549. - PubMed
1. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134:2456–2477. - PMC - PubMed
1. Gorno–Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76:1006–1014. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998;51:1546–1554. - PubMed

[2] Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998;51:1546–1554. - PubMed

[3] Rabinovici GD, Miller BL. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:375–398. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Rabinovici GD, Miller BL. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:375–398. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Rohrer JD, Warren JD. Phenotypic signatures of genetic frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:542–549. - PubMed

[6] Rohrer JD, Warren JD. Phenotypic signatures of genetic frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:542–549. - PubMed

[7] Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134:2456–2477. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134:2456–2477. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Gorno–Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76:1006–1014. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Gorno–Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76:1006–1014. - PMC - PubMed

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Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study

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Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study

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