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. 2014 Jul 7;19(7):9562-76.
doi: 10.3390/molecules19079562.

Combined effects of ultrasound and immobilization protocol on butyl acetate synthesis catalyzed by CALB

Joana S Alves  1 , Cristina Garcia-Galan  2 , Mirela F Schein  3 , Alexandre M Silva  4 , Oveimar Barbosa  5 , Marco A Z Ayub  6 , Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente  7 , Rafael C Rodrigues  8
Affiliations

Combined effects of ultrasound and immobilization protocol on butyl acetate synthesis catalyzed by CALB

Joana S Alves et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

It is well established that the performance of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) as catalyst for esterification reactions may be improved by the use of ultrasound technology or by its immobilization on styrene-divinylbenzene beads (MCI-CALB). The present research evaluated the synthesis of butyl acetate using MCI-CALB under ultrasonic energy, comparing the results against those obtained using the commercial preparation, Novozym 435. The optimal conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) evaluating the following parameters: reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio, amount of biocatalyst, and added water. The optimal conditions for butyl acetate synthesis catalyzed by MCI-CALB were: temperature, 48.8 °C; substrate molar ratio, 3.46:1 alcohol:acid; amount of biocatalyst, 7.5%; and added water 0.28%, both as substrate mass. Under these conditions, 90% of conversion was reached in 1.5 h. In terms of operational stability, MCI-CALB was reused in seven cycles while keeping 70% of its initial activity under ultrasonic energy. The support pore size and resistance are key points for the enzyme activity and stability under mechanical stirring. The use of ultrasound improved both activity and stability because of better homogeneity and reduced mechanical stress to the immobilized system.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Contour plots for the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of butyl acetate catalyzed by MCI-CALB. (a) Condition I: Substrate molar ratio was fixed at level 0.46 (3.46:1 alcohol:acid) and added water was fixed at level −0.8 (0.28%); (b) Condition II: Substrate molar ratio was fixed at level −2 (1:1 alcohol:acid) and added water was fixed at level −2 (0%).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Time-course of butyl acetate synthesis at 0.3 M acetic acid: (■) MCI-CALB under optimal condition I; (○) MCI-CALB under Condition II; (◇) MCI-CALB under mechanical stirring conditions; (▲) Novozym 435 under ultrasound conditions; (×) Novozym 435 mechanical stirring conditions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Operational stability of CALB during repeated batches on butyl acetate synthesis. (■) MCI-CALB under optimal condition I; (○)MCI-CALB under optimal Condition II; (◇) MCI-CALB under mechanical stirring conditions; (▲) Novozym 435 under ultrasound conditions; (×) Novozym 435 under mechanical stirring conditions.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Time course of ultrasound-assisted butyl acetate synthesis catalyzed by MCI-CALB under condition I (temperature, 48.8 °C; substrate molar ratio, 3.46:1 alcohol:acid; amount of biocatalyst, 7.5%; and added water 0.28%) at (○) 2.0 M and (■) 0.3M acetic acid.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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