Expanding Integrated Vector Management to promote healthy environments

Abstract

Integrated Vector Management (IVM) strategies are intended to protect communities from pathogen transmission by arthropods. These strategies target multiple vectors and different ecological and socioeconomic settings, but the aggregate benefits of IVM are limited by the narrow focus of its approach; IVM strategies aim only to control arthropod vectors. We argue that IVM should encompass environmental modifications at early stages - for instance, infrastructural development and sanitation services - to regulate not only vectors but also nuisance biting arthropods. An additional focus on nuisance biting arthropods will improve public health and quality of life and minimize social-disparity issues fostered by pests. Optimally, IVM could incorporate environmental awareness and promotion of control methods proactively to reduce threats of serious pest situations.

Keywords: IVM; biting density; pest management; social disparities; vector control.

Figure 1

Multiple approaches used in IVM to control vectors. The graphic illustrates how IVM strategies, each depicted as separate circular images, encompass a wide array of comprehensive and versatile approaches used for the achievement of a common goal: the reduction of arthropod vectors and their consequential transmission of harmful pathogens.

Figure 2

Environmental management and IVM to improve public health. This graphic shows the differences between IVM and Environmental Management (EM) approaches. IVM is limited in its approach, as it only aims to prevent disease. EM approaches have a greater impact in their potential to both prevent disease and promote healthy behaviors through the modification of communities. Although good IVM includes EM, on its own EM can encompass vector and pest control through important infrastructural development that can ensure healthy environments with adequate sewage systems, waste disposals, and safe water access.

Figure I

The three components of integrated pest management. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) depends upon: (i) monitoring pest populations; (ii) using nonchemical and limited chemical control methods; and (iii) evaluating and re-evaluating results to maintain effective program standards. While all three major components of IPM are equally important, control measures are the active component of the management strategies. Manipulation of host plants, pests, and the environment require specific measures such as physical and biological control or behavior modification of pests, and alternating between heat and cold, irrigating and flooding, or the planting of refugia for beneficial organisms. All strategies have the goal of leading to safer and more effective pest control.