Complications in the clinical course of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Objective: This study evaluated the frequency, severity and outcome of complications in the clinical course of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC).

Background: TTC is regarded as a benign disease since left ventricular (LV) function returns to normal within a short time. However, severe complications have been reported in selected patients.

Methods: From 37 hospitals, 209 patients (189 female, age 69 ± 12 years) were prospectively included in a TTC registry.

Results: Complications developed in 108/209 patients (52%); 23 (11%) had >2 complications. Complications occurred median 1 day after symptom onset, and 77% were seen within 3 days. Arrhythmias were documented in 45/209 patients (22%) including atrial fibrillation in 32 (15%) and ventricular tachycardia in 17 (8%). Of 8 patients resuscitated (4%), 6 survived. Additional complications were right ventricular involvement (24%), pulmonary edema (13%), cardiogenic shock (7%), transient intraventricular pressure gradients (5%), LV thrombi (3%) and stroke (1%). During hospitalization, 5/209 patients (2.5%) died. Patients with complications were older (70 ± 13 vs 67 ± 10 years, p=0.012), had a higher heart rate (91 ± 26 vs 83 ± 19/min, p=0.025), more frequently Q\ waves on the admission ECG (36% vs 21%, p=0.019) and a lower LV ejection fraction (47 ± 15 vs 54 ± 14%, p = 0.002). Multivariate regression analysis identified Q-waves on admission (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.23-5.05, p=0.021) and ejection fraction ≤ 30% (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.04-15.67, p=0.022) as independent predictors for complications.

Conclusions: TTC may be associated with severe complications in half of the patients. Since the majority of complications occur up to day 3, monitoring is advisable for this time period.

Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome; Apical ballooning; Atrial fibrillation; Cardiogenic shock; Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy; Ventricular tachycardia.