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Review
. 2014 Jul 26;6(7):610-20.
doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.610.

Stem cell mechanisms during left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction: Repair and regeneration

Rogelio Zamilpa  1 , Mary M Navarro  1 , Iris Flores  1 , Sy Griffey  1
Affiliations
Review

Stem cell mechanisms during left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction: Repair and regeneration

Rogelio Zamilpa et al. World J Cardiol. .

Abstract

Post-myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series of events collectively referred to as remodeling. As a result, damaged myocardium is replaced with fibrotic tissue consequently leading to contractile dysfunction and ultimately heart failure. LV remodeling post-MI includes inflammatory, fibrotic, and neovascularization responses that involve regulated cell recruitment and function. Stem cells (SCs) have been transplanted post-MI for treatment of LV remodeling and shown to improve LV function by reduction in scar tissue formation in humans and animal models of MI. The promising results obtained from the application of SCs post-MI have sparked a massive effort to identify the optimal SC for regeneration of cardiomyocytes and the paradigm for clinical applications. Although SC transplantations are generally associated with new tissue formation, SCs also secrete cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that robustly regulate cell behavior in a paracrine fashion during the remodeling process. In this review, the different types of SCs used for cardiomyogenesis, markers of differentiation, paracrine factor secretion, and strategies for cell recruitment and delivery are addressed.

Keywords: Angiogenesis; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Left ventricular remodeling; Myocardial infarction; Review; Stem cell regeneration.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
During the course of left ventricular remodeling, (A) the normal elliptical shape of the left ventricular changes to spherical (B) as illustrated by the echocardiograms of the mouse permanent ligation myocardial infarction model. Image A was recorded at baseline and image B was recorded at day 7 post-myocardial infarction.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Stem cells possess multifunctional properties to promote damaged myocardium repair and regeneration post-myocardial infarction. As illustrated by this model, stem cells have a tremendous ability to home to sites of injury, fuse with injured cells, inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis, replace dead cardiomyocytes, as well as secrete paracrine factors to regulate the inflammatory response, fibrosis, and neovascularization post-myocardial infarction. LV: Left ventricle; SC: Stem cell; MI: Myocardial infarction.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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