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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Aug 6;2014(8):CD000053.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000053.pub3.

Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis

Christine V Kramer  1 , Fan Zhang, David Sinclair, Piero L Olliaro
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis

Christine V Kramer et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is caused by an intravascular infection with parasitic Schistosoma haematobium worms. The adult worms typically migrate to the venous plexus of the human bladder and excrete eggs which the infected person passes in their urine. Chronic infection can cause substantial morbidity and long-term complications as the eggs become trapped in human tissues causing inflammation and fibrosis. We summarised evidence of drugs active against the infection. This is new edition of a review first published in 1997.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE and LILACS and reference lists of articles up to 23 May 2014.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antischistosomal drugs and drug combinations compared to placebo, no intervention, or each other.

Data collection and analysis: Two researchers independently screened the records, extracted the data and assessed risk of bias. The primary efficacy outcomes were parasitological failure (defined as the continued presence of S. haematobium eggs in the urine at time points greater than one month after treatment), and percent reduction of egg counts from baseline. We presented dichotomous data as risk ratios (RR), and continuous data as mean difference (MD), alongside their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where appropriate we combined trials in meta analyses or tables. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 30 RCTs enrolling 8165 participants in this review. Twenty-four trials were conducted in children in sub-Saharan Africa, and 21 trials were over 20 years old. Many studies were assessed as being at unclear risk of bias due to inadequate descriptions of study methods. PraziquantelOn average, a single 40 mg/kg dose of praziquantel reduced the proportion of people still excreting eggs in their urine by around 60% compared to placebo at one to two months after treatment (treatment failure: RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.59, 864 participants, seven trials, high quality evidence). The proportion of people cured with praziquantel varied substantially between trials, from 22.5% to 83.3%, but was higher than 60% in five of the seven trials. At one to two months following praziquantel treatment at 40 mg/kg, the mean number of schistosome eggs in the urine was reduced by over 95% in five out of six trials (678 participants, six trials, high quality evidence).Splitting praziquantel 40 mg/kg into two doses over 12 hours probably has no benefits over a single dose, and in a single trial of 220 participants the split dose caused more vomiting (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.86) and dizziness (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.94). MetrifonateA single dose of metrifonate 10 mg/kg reduced egg excretion (210 participants, one trial, at eight months), but was only marginally better than placebo at achieving cure at one month (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.94, 142 participants, one trial). In a single trial comparing one, two and three doses, the absolute number of participants cured improved from 47% after one dose to 81% after three doses (93 participants, one trial, low quality evidence).Two small trials compared 40 mg/kg single dose praziquantel with two or three doses of 10 mg/kg metrifonate and found no clear evidence of differences in cure (metrifonate 2 x 10 mg/kg at one month: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.34, 72 participants, one trial; metrifonate 3 x 10 mg/kg at three months: RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.57, 100 participants, one trial. In one trial both drugs performed badly and in one trial both performed well. Other drugsThree trials have evaluated the antimalarial artesunate; with inconsistent results. Substantial antischistosomal effects were only seen in one of the three trials, which was at unclear risk of bias due to poor reporting of the trial methods. Similarly, another anti-malarial mefloquine has been evaluated in two small trials with inconsistent effects.Adverse events were described as mild for all evaluated drugs, but adverse event monitoring and reporting was generally of low quality.

Authors' conclusions: Praziquantel 40 mg/kg is the most studied drug for treating urinary schistosomiasis, and has the strongest evidence base.Potential strategies to improve future treatments for schistosomiasis include the combination of praziquantel with metrifonate, or with antimalarial drugs with antischistosomal properties such as artesunate and mefloquine. Evaluation of these combinations requires rigorous, adequately powered trials using standardized outcome measures.

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Conflict of interest statement

We have no known conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included trial.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus placebo, Outcome 2 Haematuria at eight weeks.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus placebo, Outcome 3 Haemoglobin.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus placebo, Outcome 4 Adverse events.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at four to six weeks.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at two to three months.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six to seven months.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 4 Haematuria at three months.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 5 Proteinuria at three months.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 6 Haematuria at six weeks.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 7 Proteinuria at six weeks.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 8 Haematuria at nine months.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 9 Proteinuria at nine months.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus lower doses, Outcome 10 Adverse events.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus 2 x 20 mg/kg split dose, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus 2 x 20 mg/kg split dose, Outcome 2 Adverse events.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus praziquantel 2 x 40 mg/kg or 3 x 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Praziquantel 40 mg/single dose versus praziquantel 2 x 40 mg/kg: parasitological failure.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus praziquantel 2 x 40 mg/kg or 3 x 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus praziquantel 3 x 40 mg/kg: parasitological failure.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus praziquantel 2 x 40 mg/kg or 3 x 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Praziquantel 40 mg/single dose versus praziquantel 2 x 40 mg/kg: microhaematuria at six months.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus multiple doses, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus multiple doses, Outcome 2 Haematuria.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Metrifonate single dose (10 mg/kg) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Metrifonate single dose (10 mg/kg) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Haemoglobin.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Metrifonate multiple doses versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Metrifonate multiple doses versus placebo, Outcome 2 Haemoglobin.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Metrifonate multiple doses versus single dose, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Metrifonate multiple doses versus single dose, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at four months.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Metrifonate 3 doses 2 weeks apart: 7.5 mg/kg versus 5 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Metrifonate 3 doses 2 weeks apart: 7.5 mg/kg versus 5 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Adverse events.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 1 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus metrifonate 10 mg/kg single dose: parasitological failure.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 2 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus metrifonate 10 mg/kg single dose: haemoglobin.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 3 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus metrifonate 20 and 30 mg/kg given as split doses: parasitological failure.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 4 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose versus metrifonate 30 mg/kg given as split dose: adverse events.
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 5 Praziquantel 30 mg/kg single dose versus metrifonate 30 mg/kg given as split dose: parasitological failure.
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 6 Praziquantel 30 mg/kg single dose versus metrifonate 30 mg/kg given as split dose: adverse events.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 7 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg once a year versus metrifonate 10 mg/kg every 4 months.
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 8 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg once a year versus metrifonate 10 mg/kg every 4 months: parasitological failure.
10.9
10.9. Analysis
Comparison 10 Praziquantel versus metrifonate, Outcome 9 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg versus praziquantel 10 mg/kg and metrifonate 10 mg/kg.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Artesunate versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at eight weeks.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Artesunate versus placebo, Outcome 2 Haematuria.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Artesunate versus placebo, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Praziquantel versus artesunate, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Praziquantel versus artesunate, Outcome 2 Haematuria.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Praziquantel versus artesunate, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Praziquantel and artesunate versus praziquantel, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at eight weeks.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Praziquantel and artesunate versus praziquantel, Outcome 2 Haematuria at eight weeks.
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Praziquantel and artesunate versus praziquantel, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Mefloquine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at six weeks.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Praziquantel versus mefloquine, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Praziquantel versus artesunate and mefloquine, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Praziquantel versus praziquantel and albendazole, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Praziquantel versus praziquantel and artesunate, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at eight weeks.
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Praziquantel versus praziquantel and artesunate, Outcome 2 Haematuria at eight weeks.
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Praziquantel versus praziquantel and artesunate, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Mott 1985 GHA {published data only}
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Olds 1999 KEN {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Aryeetey 1999 {published data only}
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