Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2014 Aug 7;10(8):e1004254.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004254. eCollection 2014 Aug.

Why HIV virions have low numbers of envelope spikes: implications for vaccine development

John Schiller  1 , Bryce Chackerian  2
Affiliations
Review

Why HIV virions have low numbers of envelope spikes: implications for vaccine development

John Schiller et al. PLoS Pathog. .
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. What's different about HIV virions?
Surface projections of bovine papillomavirus (BPV), HIV, dengue virus, and influenza virus are shown (not to scale). The images of papillomavirus (PV) and dengue virus were obtained from the Viper database (PMID: 18981051). The image of influenza virus is courtesy of cdc.gov. The HIV image was generously provided by Sriram Subramaniam, National Cancer Institute.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Model for the induction of neutralizing antibodies by high-density versus low-density epitope display.
Black arrows represent antibody species during lineage evolution that are not reactive with self; red arrows represent species that are reactive with self. Inverted blue Ys denote B cell lineages that result in production of a virion binding antibody; red Xs denote deletion or tolerization of a self-reactive B cell lineage.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Zhu P, Liu J, Bess J Jr, Chertova E, Lifson JD, et al. (2006) Distribution and three-dimensional structure of AIDS virus envelope spikes. Nature 441: 847–852. - PubMed
    1. Powers KA, Poole C, Pettifor AE, Cohen MS (2008) Rethinking the heterosexual infectivity of HIV-1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 553–563. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yuste E, Reeves JD, Doms RW, Desrosiers RC (2004) Modulation of Env content in virions of simian immunodeficiency virus: correlation with cell surface expression and virion infectivity. J Virol 78: 6775–6785. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Klein JS, Bjorkman PJ (2010) Few and far between: how HIV may be evading antibody avidity. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000908. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hangartner L, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (2006) Antiviral antibody responses: the two extremes of a wide spectrum. Nat Rev Immunol 6: 231–243. - PubMed