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Review
. 2014:2014:858496.
doi: 10.1155/2014/858496. Epub 2014 Jul 7.

The harmful effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on extracerebral organs

Sheng Chen  1 , Qian Li  2 , Haijian Wu  3 , Paul R Krafft  4 , Zhen Wang  3 , John H Zhang  4
Affiliations
Review

The harmful effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on extracerebral organs

Sheng Chen et al. Biomed Res Int. 2014.

Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological disorder. Patients with aneurysmal SAH develop secondary complications that are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Aside from secondary neurological injuries, SAH has been associated with nonneurologic medical complications, such as neurocardiogenic injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema, hyperglycemia, and electrolyte imbalance, of which cardiac and pulmonary complications are most common. The related mechanisms include activation of the sympathetic nervous system, release of catecholamines and other hormones, and inflammatory responses. Extracerebral complications are directly related to the severity of SAH-induced brain injury and indicate the clinical outcome in patients. This review provides an overview of the extracerebral complications after SAH. We also aim to describe the manifestations, underlying mechanisms, and the effects of those extracerebral complications on outcome following SAH.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic of nonneurologic medical complications following subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Figure 2
Figure 2
High-resolution pictures of subarachnoid hemorrhage and sporadic pulmonary hemorrhagic lesions in a rat endovascular puncture model (white arrow).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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