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. 2014 Nov;132(11):1334-40.
doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.2854.

Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic macular edema in the United States

Rohit Varma  1 , Neil M Bressler  2 , Quan V Doan  3 , Michelle Gleeson  3 , Mark Danese  3 , Julie K Bower  4 , Elizabeth Selvin  5 , Chantal Dolan  6 , Jennifer Fine  6 , Shoshana Colman  6 , Adam Turpcu  6
Affiliations

Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic macular edema in the United States

Rohit Varma et al. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014 Nov.

Abstract

Importance: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision loss in persons with diabetes mellitus. Although there are national estimates for the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors among persons with diabetes, to our knowledge, no comparable estimates are available for DME specifically.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of DME in the US population and to identify associated risk factors.

Design, setting, and participants: A cross-sectional analysis of 1038 participants aged 40 years or older with diabetes and valid fundus photographs in the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Main outcomes and measures: The overall prevalence of DME and its prevalence according to age, race/ethnicity, and sex.

Results: Of the 1038 persons with diabetes analyzed for this study, 55 had DME, for an overall weighted prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.7%-4.9%) or approximately 746, 000 persons in the US 2010 population aged 40 years or older. We identified no differences in the prevalence of DME by age or sex. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of having DME were higher for non-Hispanic blacks than for non-Hispanic whites (odds ratio [OR], 2.64; 95% CI, 1.19-5.84; P = .02). Elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26-1.71 for each 1%; P < .001) and longer duration of diabetes (OR, 8.51; 95% CI, 3.70-19.54 for ≥ 10 vs <10 years; P < .001) were also associated with DME prevalence.

Conclusions and relevance: These results suggest a greater burden of DME among non-Hispanic blacks, individuals with high levels of hemoglobin A1c, and those with longer duration of diabetes. Given recent treatment advances in reducing vision loss and preserving vision in persons with DME, it is imperative that all persons with diabetes receive early screening; this recommendation is even more important for those at higher risk for DME.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Prevalence of diabetic macular edema stratified by race/ethnicity in the US population aged 40 and over in NHANES
Error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals. Hispanic group combined both Mexican American and non–Mexican American Hispanics. DME, diabetic macular edema.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Estimated prevalence of diabetic macular edema by glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), stratified by diabetes duration, for all persons with diabetes mellitus in NHANES
The glycemia-specific prevalence data for all persons by each 0.5% difference were plotted to show the independent relationship of glycemia with prevalence of diabetic macular edema. Margin plot from a logistic regression model that included HbA1c, HbA1c2, HbA1c3 terms (P<.01) and adjusted for all other covariates. Probabilities of DME prevalence were estimated at the mean of all other covariates but individual value HbA1c from each subject was used. Shading indicates the 95% confidence intervals of the predicted probabilities. DME, diabetic macular edema.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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