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Review
. 2014 Aug 7:3:414.
doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-414. eCollection 2014.

Comments on the mechanisms of action of radiation protective agents: basis components and their polyvalence

Affiliations
Review

Comments on the mechanisms of action of radiation protective agents: basis components and their polyvalence

Mikhail V Vasin. Springerplus. .

Abstract

Purpose: These comments suggest a division of radiation protective agents on the grounds of their mechanism of action that increase the radio resistance of an organism.

Conclusion: Given below is the division of radiation protective agents on the basis of their mechanism of action into 3 groups: 1) Radiation protective agents, with the implementation of radiation protective action taking place at the cellular level in the course of rapidly proceeding radiation-chemical reactions. At the same time, when the ionizing radiation energy is absorbed, these agents partially neutralize the "oxygen effect" as a radiobiological phenomenon, especially in the radiolysis of DNA; 2) Radiation protective agents that exert their effect at the system level by accelerating the post-radiation recovery of radiosensitive tissues through activation of a number of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and an increase in the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors, including their use as mitigators in the early period after irradiation prior to the clinical development of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). 3) Radiomodulators including drugs and nutritional supplements that can elevate the resistance of the organism to adverse environmental factors, including exposure to ionization by means of modulating the gene expression through a hormetic effect of small doses of stressors and a "substrate" maintenance of adaptive changes, resulting in an increased antioxidant protection of the organism. Radiation protective agents having polyvalence in implementation of their action may simultaneously induce radioprotective effect by various routes with a prevalence of basis mechanisms of the action.

Keywords: Mechanism of action; Radiomitigator; Radiomodulator; Radioprotector.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme for realization and neutralization of the oxygen effect at the level of cell. Note: T – targets.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dose-response relationship of radiation protective effect of cystamine in the experiment on mice (Vasin et al. 1970 ). Abscissa: the dose of cystamine, mg/kg. Ordinate: radiation protective effectiveness of cystamine, DRF.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Radioprotective effect of cystamine administrated IP at various periods before irradiation in the experiment on mice (Vasin et al. 1970 ). Abscissa: the periods of cystamine administration before irradiation, hours. Ordinate: radioprotective effect of cystamine at LD95/30 of gamma-irradiation, %. 1–150 mg/kg, 2–100 mg/kg, 3–75 mg/kg.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Potentiation of radiation protective effect of cystamine administered IP to mice twice before exposure to radiation at various interval between two injection (Vasin and Antipov 1972 ). Abscissa: the time interval between administration of two doses of cystamine, hours; value 0 stands for a single administration of the drug. Ordinate: radiation protective effectiveness of cystamine, DRF: 1 - 150 mg/kg, 2 - 100 mg/kg, 3 - 75 mg/kg, 4 - 50 mg/kg. Note: cystamine was administered intraperitoneally, with the second dose injected 5-10 minutes prior to γ-irradiation.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Radioprotective efficacy of acute hypoxic hypoxia at respiration by gaseous hypoxic mixture with various content of oxygen during irradiation of mice and rats. Abscissa: oxygen content in gaseous hypoxic mixture, %; Ordinate: radioprotective efficacy of GHM, DRF, Note: squares – mice, triangle – rats, black squares and triangle – (Vasin 1986), white squares – (Hasegawa and Landahl 1967), white square with point – (Iarmonenko et al. 1980).

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