In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity and in vivo effect of Syngonium podophyllum and Eichhornia crassipes leaf extracts on isoniazid induced oxidative stress and hepatic markers

Abstract

The present study reports the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic potential of Syngonium podophyllum (SP) and Eichhornia crassipes (EC) leaf aqueous extracts as well as their in vivo effect on oxidative stress and hepatic biomarkers in isoniazid induced rats. Phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, and saponins. Phenolic content in SP and EC extracts was 5.36 ± 0.32 and 10.63 ± 0.13 mg PGE/g, respectively, while flavonoid content was 1.26 ± 0.03 and 0.51 ± 0.03 μg QE/mg, respectively. EC extract exhibited comparatively better antioxidant activity as indicated by reducing power (0.197-0.775), DPPH radical scavenging potential (11%-96%), and metal ion chelating ability (42%-93%). Both the extracts provided 13%-65% protection against lipid peroxidation in rat tissue (liver, kidney, and brain) homogenate. SP and EC extracts exhibited 51% and 43% cytotoxicity against lung cancer (NCI-H322) cell line, respectively. Both extracts demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Coadministration of E. crassipes extract with isoniazid in rats accounted for 46% decrease in malondialdehyde content and 21% increase in FRAP value of plasma. It also mitigated the isoniazid induced alterations in serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), total bilirubin, creatinine, and hemoglobin contents. S. podophyllum extract was found to be hepatotoxic.

Figure 1

Phytochemical profile analysis of plant extracts.

Figure 2

Reducing power of S. podophyllum (SP) and E. crassipes (EC) leaf extracts. Extracts were prepared in water as described in Section 2. Reducing power was measured at different concentration of extracts (0.025–5.0 mg/mL). The results are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05).

Figure 3

DPPH free radical scavenging activity of S. podophyllum and E. crassipes leaf extracts. Aqueous extracts were prepared as described in Section 2. Radical scavenging activity was measured at different concentration of extracts (0.025–3.0 mg/mL). The results are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05).

Figure 4

Metal ion chelating activity of S. podophyllum and E. crassipes leaf extracts. Metal ion chelating activity was measured at different concentration of extracts (0.2–1.0 mg/mL). The results are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05).

Figure 5

Lipoprotective efficacy of (a) S. podophyllum leaf and (b) E. crassipes leaf aqueous extracts in rat tissue homogenate. Percentage LPOI activity of extract at different concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg/mL) was assessed as an indicator to protect peroxidative damage of membrane lipids in rat tissue homogenates. The results are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05).

Figure 6

Cytotoxic effect of S. podophyllum and E. crassipes leaf aqueous extracts against cancer cell lines using SRB assay. Percentage growth inhibition of T47D (breast), PC3 (prostate), NCI-H322 (lung), and A549 (lung) cancer cell lines was assayed at 100 μg/mL concentration of extracts as described in Section 2. SP: S. podophyllum, EC: E. crassipes, and ACD: anticancer drugs (mitomycin-C (10 μM) against breast and prostate and 5-Flurouracil (20 μM) against lung cancer cell lines). Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05).

Figure 7

Effect of S. podophyllum and E. crassipes leaf aqueous extracts on total antioxidant capacity of plasma (measured as FRAP value) in isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. FRAP value is expressed as μmol Fe (II)/L plasma. Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05). One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's Multiple Comparison Test was used to compare control group from other experimental groups (*P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, and ***P < 0.0001). C: Control, INH: isoniazid, L52: Liv52, SP: Syngonium podophyllum, and EC: Eichhornia crassipes.

Figure 8

Effect of S. podophyllum and E. crassipes leaf aqueous extract on erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) content in isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Concentration of MDA is expressed as nmol/g Hb. Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates (P < 0.05). One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's Multiple Comparison Test was used to compare control group from other experimental groups (**P < 0.001 and ***P < 0.0001). C: Control, INH: isoniazid, L52, Liv52, SP: Syngonium podophyllum, and EC: Eichhornia crassipes.