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. 2014:2014:219035.
doi: 10.1155/2014/219035. Epub 2014 Aug 3.

Physicochemical characterization and thermodynamic studies of nanoemulsion-based transdermal delivery system for fullerene

Cheng Loong Ngan  1 , Mahiran Basri  2 , Minaketan Tripathy  3 , Roghayeh Abedi Karjiban  1 , Emilia Abdul-Malek  1
Affiliations

Physicochemical characterization and thermodynamic studies of nanoemulsion-based transdermal delivery system for fullerene

Cheng Loong Ngan et al. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014.

Abstract

Fullerene nanoemulsions were formulated in palm kernel oil esters stabilized by low amount of mixed nonionic surfactants. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were established in the colloidal system of PKOEs/Tween 80 : Span 80/water incorporated with fullerene as antioxidant. Preformulation was subjected to combination of high and low energy emulsification methods and the physicochemical characteristics of fullerene nanoemulsions were analyzed using electroacoustic spectrometer. Oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions with particle sizes in the range of 70-160 nm were formed. The rheological characteristics of colloidal systems exhibited shear thinning behavior which fitted well into the power law model. The effect of xanthan gum (0.2-1.0%, w/w) and beeswax (1-3%, w/w) in the estimation of thermodynamics was further studied. From the energetic parameters calculated for the viscous flow, a moderate energy barrier for transport process was observed. Thermodynamic study showed that the enthalpy was positive in all xanthan gum and beeswax concentrations indicating that the formation of nanoemulsions could be endothermic in nature. Fullerene nanoemulsions with 0.6% or higher xanthan gum content were found to be stable against creaming and flocculation when exposed to extreme environmental conditions.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pseudoternary phase diagram of PKOEs : fullerene (Flln)/Tween 80 : Span 80/Water in the MSRs of (a) 10 : 0, (b) 9 : 1, (c) 8 : 2, and (d) 7 : 3 at 298 K. ■ = Isotropic; ● = Homogeneous; ▼ = Two-phase.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of beeswax and xanthan gum concentration on (a) electrical conductivity, (b) surface charge, (c) dynamic mobility, and (d) Debye length of FNEs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Viscosities of Pre-F and FNEs at different temperatures with varying concentration of xanthan gum containing 0% (●), 1% (○), 2% (▼), and 3% (Δ) of beeswax.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Shear rate dependence of steady shear viscosity for FNEs with 1% (w/w) of beeswax with different xanthan gum concentrations.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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