Current practices of screening for incident hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-infected, HCV-uninfected individuals in primary care

Abstract

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-uninfected patients are at risk for incident HCV infection, but little is known about screening practices for incident HCV among HIV-infected individuals in HIV primary care clinics.

Methods: We used data from the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) to investigate historical trends in screening for incident HCV infection among HIV-infected patients who were HCV-uninfected at enrollment in care. We used descriptive measures and Poisson regression to identify factors associated with screening for HCV infection (using HCV antibody or RNA), performed temporal analyses to assess changes in screening over time, and investigated the frequency with which elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were followed by diagnostic HCV testing.

Results: Among 17 090 patients registered at CNICS sites between 2000 and 2011, 14 534 (85%) received HCV antibody screening within 3 months of enrolling in care, and 9077 met all of the inclusion criteria. Only 55.6% ever received additional HCV screening. HCV screening increased over time, but not uniformly at all sites. Only 26.7% of first-time ALT elevations to >100 IU/L were followed up within 12 months by HCV antibody or RNA testing.

Conclusions: Although most HIV-infected patients were screened for prevalent HCV infection at enrollment in care, only half who were HCV uninfected were screened again. Screening varied between sites, even when controlling for demographics and risk behaviors. Patients with new ALT elevations to >100 IU/L were seldom assessed for incident HCV infection. Guidelines are needed to help HIV providers know whom to screen, how frequently to screen, and which screening test to use.

Keywords: HIV; hepatitis C; incidence; men who have sex with men; screening.

Figure 1.

Rates of surveillance screening for incident hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected, HCV-uninfected individuals enrolled at 7 Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems sites from 2000 to 2011. A, Incidence of screening for HCV across the entire clinic population (calculated as the total number of HCV antibody [Ab] or RNA tests/total person-time of follow-up). B, Cumulative incidence of first-time surveillance screening test for incident HCV infection at each clinical site. In this analysis, participants were censored when lost to follow-up.