Pelvic ring fractures: what the orthopedic surgeon wants to know

Abstract

Treating trauma patients with displaced pelvic fractures requires a multidisciplinary approach at a designated trauma center to reduce morbidity and mortality. Immediate recognition of pelvic ring disruption and determination of pelvic stability are critical components in the evaluation of such patients. Stability is achieved by the ability of the osseoligamentous structures of the pelvis to withstand physiologic stresses without abnormal deformation. The supporting pelvic ligaments, including the posterior and anterior sacroiliac, iliolumbar, sacrospinous, and sacrotuberous ligaments, play a crucial role in pelvic stabilization. Radiologists should be familiar with the ligamentous anatomy and biomechanics relevant to understanding pelvic ring disruptions, as well as the Young and Burgess classification system, a systematic approach for interpreting pelvic ring disruptions and assessing stability on the basis of fundamental force vectors that create predictable patterns. This system provides an algorithmic approach to interpreting images and categorizes injuries as anterioposterior (AP) compression, lateral compression, vertical shear, or combined. Opening and closing of the pelvis from rotational forces result in AP compression and lateral compression injuries, respectively, whereas vertical shear injuries result from cephalad displacement of the hemipelvis. AP and lateral compression fractures are divided into types 1, 2, and 3, with increasing degrees of severity. Knowledge of these injury patterns leads to prompt identification and diagnosis of other subtle injuries and associated complications at pelvic radiography and cross-sectional imaging, allowing the orthopedic surgeon to apply corrective forces for prompt pelvic stabilization.