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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Sep 11;2014(9):CD002018.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002018.pub2.

Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression

Emma Molyneaux  1 , Louise M Howard, Helen R McGeown, Amar M Karia, Kylee Trevillion
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression

Emma Molyneaux et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Postnatal depression is a common disorder that can have adverse short- and long-term effects on maternal morbidity, the new infant and the family as a whole. Treatment is often largely by social support and psychological interventions. It is not known whether antidepressants are an effective and safe choice for treatment of this disorder. This review was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of different antidepressants and to compare their effectiveness with other forms of treatment, placebo or treatment as usual. It is an update of a review first published in 2001.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs in comparison with any other treatment (psychological, psychosocial or pharmacological), placebo or treatment as usual for postnatal depression.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group's Specialized Register (CCDANCTR) to 11 July 2014. This register contains reports of relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from the following bibliographic databases: The Cochrane Library (all years), MEDLINE (1950 to date), EMBASE, (1974 to date) and PsycINFO (1967 to date). We also searched international trial registries and contacted pharmaceutical companies and experts in the field.

Selection criteria: We included RCTs of women with depression with onset up to six months postpartum that compared antidepressant treatment (alone or in combination with another treatment) with any other treatment, placebo or treatment as usual.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data from the trial reports. We requested missing information from investigators wherever possible. We sought data to allow an intention-to-treat analysis. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool data where sufficient comparable studies were identified.

Main results: We included six trials with 596 participants in this review. All studies had a randomised controlled parallel group design, with two conducted in the UK, three in the US and one in Israel. Meta-analyses were performed to pool data on response and remission from studies comparing antidepressants with placebo. No meta-analyses could be conducted for other comparisons due to the small number of trials identified.Four studies compared selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with placebo (two using sertraline, one using paroxetine and one using fluoxetine; 233 participants in total). In two of these studies both the experimental and placebo groups also received psychological therapy. Pooled risk ratios based on data from three of these studies (146 participants) showed that women randomised to SSRIs had higher rates of response and remission than those randomised to placebo (response: RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.03; remission: RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.98); the fourth study did not report data on response or remission.One study (254 participants) compared antidepressant treatment with treatment as usual (for the first four weeks) followed by listening visits. The study found significantly higher rates of improvement in the antidepressant group than treatment-as-usual group after the first four weeks, but no difference between antidepressants and listening visits at the later follow-up. In addition, one study comparing sertraline with nortriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant) found no difference in effectiveness (109 participants).Side effects were experienced by a substantial proportion of women, but there was no evidence of a meaningful difference in the number of adverse effects between treatment arms in any study. There were very limited data on adverse effects experienced by breastfed infants, with no long-term follow-up. All but one of the studies were assessed as being at high or uncertain risk of attrition bias and selective outcome reporting. In particular, one of the placebo-controlled studies had over 50% drop-out.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence base for this review was very limited, with a small number of studies and little information on a number of important outcomes, particularly regarding potential effects on the child. Risk of bias, for example from high attrition rates, as well as low representativeness of participants (e.g. exclusion of women with severe or chronic depression in several trials) also limit the conclusions that can be drawn.Pooled estimates for response and remission found that SSRIs were significantly more effective than placebo for women with postnatal depression. However the quality of evidence contributing to this comparison was assessed as very low owing to the small sample size for this comparison (146 participants from three studies), the risk of bias in included studes and the inclusion of one study where all participants in both study arms additionally received psychological therapy. There was insufficient evidence to conclude whether, and for whom, antidepressant or psychological/psychosocial treatments are more effective, or whether some antidepressants are more effective or better tolerated than others. There is also inadequate evidence on whether the benefits of antidepressants persist beyond eight weeks or whether they have short- or long-term adverse effects on breastfeeding infants.Professionals treating women with severe depression in the postnatal period will need to draw on other evidence, including trials among general adult populations and observational studies of antidepressant safety when breastfeeding (although the potential for confounding in non-randomised studies must be considered). More RCTs are needed with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up, including assessment of the impact on the child and safety of breastfeeding. Further larger-scale trials comparing antidepressants with alternative treatment modalities are also required.

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Conflict of interest statement

Louise M Howard is Chair of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (update) guideline on antenatal and postnatal mental health. She is Chief Investigator of an NIHR Programme Grant for Applied Research on the effectiveness of perinatal mental health services (RP‐ RP‐DG‐1108‐10012) and has funding from an NIHR Research Professorship on maternal mental health, and a grant from Tommy's baby charity (with the support of a corporate social responsibility grant from Johnson & Johnson) on antipsychotics in pregnancy. Her work is also supported by the NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.

Kylee Trevillion is project manager on an NIHR Programme Grant for Applied Research on the effectiveness of perinatal mental health services (RP‐ RP‐DG‐1108‐10012).

Emma Molyneaux is supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) PhD Studentship and Tommy's baby charity.

There are no other declarations of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study selection flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors versus placebo, outcome: 1.1 Response rate at post‐treatment.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors versus placebo, outcome: 1.2 Remission rate at post‐treatment.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors versus placebo, Outcome 1 Response rate at post‐treatment.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors versus placebo, Outcome 2 Remission rate at post‐treatment.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Antidepressants versus treatment as usual, Outcome 1 Remission rate at post‐treatment.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antidepressants versus psychosocial therapy (listening visits), Outcome 1 Remission rate at post‐treatment.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors versus other pharmacological intervention (tricyclic antidepressant), Outcome 1 Response rate at post‐treatment.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors versus other pharmacological intervention (tricyclic antidepressant), Outcome 2 Remission rate at post‐treatment.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sensitivity analysis: excluding trials with combined treament, Outcome 1 SSRIs verus placebo: outcome 1.1 response rate at post‐treatment.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sensitivity analysis: excluding trials with combined treament, Outcome 2 SSRIs versus placebo: outcome 1.2 remission rate at post‐treatment.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sensitivity analysis: removing studies with high dropout or high risk of bias in any domain, Outcome 1 SSRIs verus placebo: outcome 1.1 response rate at post‐treatment.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sensitivity analysis: removing studies with high dropout or high risk of bias in any domain, Outcome 2 SSRIs versus placebo:outcome 1.2 remission rate at post‐treatment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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MeSH terms