Shared versus specific features of psychological symptoms and cigarettes per day: structural relations and mediation by negative- and positive-reinforcement smoking

Abstract

This study examined the extent to which shared versus specific features across multiple manifestations of psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, ADHD, aggression, alcohol misuse) associated with cigarettes per day. Subsequently, we investigated whether negative- (i.e., withdrawal relief) and positive- (i.e., pleasure enhancement) reinforcement smoking motivations mediated relations. Adult daily smokers (N = 338) completed self-report measures and structural equation modeling was used to construct a 3-factor (low positive affect-negative affect-disinhibition) model of affective and behavioral symptoms and to test relations of each latent factor (shared features) and indicator residual (specific features) to smoking level. Shared dimensions of low positive affect, negative affect, and disinhibition associated with smoking rate. Negative-reinforcement smoking mediated the link between latent negative affect and heavier daily smoking. Specific features of psychological symptoms unique from latent factors were generally not associated with cigarettes per day. Features shared across several forms of psychological symptoms appear to underpin relations between psychological symptoms and smoking rate.

Fig. 1

Three-factor model of psychological symptoms. SHS Subjective Happiness Scale; CESD:ANH Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-Anhedonia Scale; MASQ Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire: AD Anhedonic Depression, GDD General Distress Depression, GDA General Distress Anxious, AA Anxious Arousal; AQR:PA Aggression Questionnaire Revised-Physical Aggression; ASRS Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. All results are standardized. *p < .05, **p < .01, ^†p < .001

Fig. 2

Final model of relations between latent factors and residuals with cigarettes per day. SHS Subjective Happiness Scale; CESD:ANH Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-Anhedonia Scale; MASQ Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire: AD Anhedonic Depression, GDD General Distress Depression, GDA General Distress Anxious, AA Anxious Arousal; AQR:PA Aggression Questionnaire Revised-Physical Aggression Scale; ASRS Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. E9 residual term for the AUDIT. All results are standardized. Paths that were not applicable or were omitted by the final model are not shown. ° p < .10, *p < .05, **p < .01, ^†p < .001

Fig. 3

Reinforcement smoking mediation model. SHS Subjective Happiness Scale; CESD:ANH Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-Anhedonia Scale; MASQ Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire: AD Anhedonic Depression, GDD General Distress Depression, GDA General Distress Anxious, AA Anxious Arousal; AQR:PA Aggression Questionnaire Revised-Physical Aggression Scale; ASRS Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. MNRQ Minnesota Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire: NR Negative Reinforcement, PR Positive Reinforcement. E9 residual term for the AUDIT. All results are standardized. Paths that were non-significant, not applicable, or were omitted by the final model are not shown. *p < .05, **p < .01, ^†p < .001