Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005

Abstract

The effect of commercial selection on the growth, efficiency, and yield of broilers was studied using 2 University of Alberta Meat Control strains unselected since 1957 and 1978, and a commercial Ross 308 strain (2005). Mixed-sex chicks (n = 180 per strain) were placed into 4 replicate pens per strain, and grown on a current nutritional program to 56 d of age. Weekly front and side profile photographs of 8 birds per strain were collected. Growth rate, feed intake, and measures of feed efficiency including feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake, and residual maintenance energy requirements were characterized. A nonlinear mixed Gompertz growth model was used to predict BW and BW variation, useful for subsequent stochastic growth simulation. Dissections were conducted on 8 birds per strain semiweekly from 21 to 56 d of age to characterize allometric growth of pectoralis muscles, leg meat, abdominal fat pad, liver, gut, and heart. A novel nonlinear analysis of covariance was used to test the hypothesis that allometric growth patterns have changed as a result of commercial selection pressure. From 1957 to 2005, broiler growth increased by over 400%, with a concurrent 50% reduction in feed conversion ratio, corresponding to a compound annual rate of increase in 42 d live BW of 3.30%. Forty-two-day FCR decreased by 2.55% each year over the same 48-yr period. Pectoralis major growth potential increased, whereas abdominal fat decreased due to genetic selection pressure over the same time period. From 1957 to 2005, pectoralis minor yield at 42 d of age was 30% higher in males and 37% higher in females; pectoralis major yield increased by 79% in males and 85% in females. Over almost 50 yr of commercial quantitative genetic selection pressure, intended beneficial changes have been achieved. Unintended changes such as enhanced sexual dimorphism are likely inconsequential, though musculoskeletal, immune function, and parent stock management challenges may require additional attention in future selection programs.

Keywords: broiler; efficiency; genetic change; yield dynamics.

Figure 1.

Age-related changes in size (mixed-sex BW and front view photos) of University of Alberta Meat Control strains unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 broilers (2005). Within each strain, images are of the same bird at 0, 28, and 56 d of age. Color version available in the online PDF.

Figure 2.

Absolute (panel A) and relative (panel B) BW of mixed sex University of Alberta Meat Control unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 broilers (2005).

Figure 3.

Age-related changes in size of University of Alberta Meat Control strains unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 broilers (2005). Within each strain, side profile images are of the same bird at 0, 28, and 56 d of age. Color version available in the online PDF.

Figure 4.

Breast conversion rate (g of feed/g of breast meat) of University of Alberta Meat Control unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 broilers (2005).

Figure 5.

Allometric yield curves for pectoralis minor from University of Alberta Meat Control (AMC) unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 (2005) broiler males (–) and females (···).

Figure 6.

Allometric yield curves for pectoralis major from University of Alberta Meat Control (AMC) unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 (2005) broiler males (–) and females (···).

Figure 7.

Allometric yield curves for drums from University of Alberta Meat Control (AMC) unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 (2005) broiler males (–) and females (···).

Figure 8.

Allometric yield curves for livers from University of Alberta Meat Control (AMC) unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 (2005) broiler males (–) and females (···).

Figure 9.

Allometric yield curves for abdominal fat pads from University of Alberta Meat Control (AMC) unselected since 1957 and 1978, and Ross 308 (2005) broiler males (–) and females (···).