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. 2015:1221:1-10.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_1.

Classification and evolution of human rhinoviruses

Ann C Palmenberg  1 , James E Gern
Affiliations

Classification and evolution of human rhinoviruses

Ann C Palmenberg et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2015.

Abstract

The historical classification of human rhinoviruses (RV) by serotyping has been replaced by a logical system of comparative sequencing. Given that strains must diverge within their capsid sequenced by a reasonable degree (>12-13 % pairwise base identities) before becoming immunologically distinct, the new nomenclature system makes allowances for the addition of new, future types, without compromising historical designations. Currently, three species, the RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, are recognized. Of these, the RV-C, discovered in 2006, are the most unusual in terms of capsid structure, receptor use, and association with severe disease in children.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Genome map of a typical RV shows the protein names and their involvement is capsid formation or replication processes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Circle phylogram of relationships for currently recognized genotypes (8) of RV-A, RV-B and RV-C. The tree was calculated with neighbor-joining methods from aligned, VP1 RNA sequences, and rooted with data from four enteroviruses (EV) of the EV-A, EV-B and EV-C species, similar to ref (10). The Major (“M”, ICAM-1) and minor (“m”, LDLR) receptor groups are indicated if determined experimentally. The RV-C receptor is unknown. Bootstrap values (percent of 200 replicates) are indicated at key nodes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Recombinant origins for many RV-A&B were uncovered by full genome sequencing (10). Parents (solid boxes) or progeny (2-color boxes) are founders of many extant clades. This illustration is reproduced, with minor variation, from “Field’s Virology” (2013), Ch 18, “Rhinoviruses”, Wolters Kluwer, publishers.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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