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Review
. 2014 Oct 1;5(5):327-39.
doi: 10.14336/AD.2014.0500327. eCollection 2014 Oct.

Catecholamines, steroids and immune alterations in ischemic stroke and other acute diseases

Juliane Schulze  1 , Antje Vogelgesang  1 , Alexander Dressel  1
Affiliations
Review

Catecholamines, steroids and immune alterations in ischemic stroke and other acute diseases

Juliane Schulze et al. Aging Dis. .

Abstract

The outcome of stroke patients is not only determined by the extent and localization of the ischemic lesion, but also by stroke-associated infections. Stroke-induced immune alterations, which are related to stroke-associated infections, have been described over the last decade. Here we review the evidence that catecholamines and steroids induced by stroke result in stroke-induced immune alterations. In addition, we compare the immune alterations observed in other acute diseases such as myocardial infarction, brain trauma, and surgical trauma with the changes seen in stroke-induced immune alterations.

Keywords: aging; catecholamines; immune; ischemic stroke; steroids.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Systemic effects of the stress response in ischemic stroke. The scheme depicts those organ specific immune alterations that occur in stroke and have been experimentally linked to the activation of either the HPA axis or the sympathetic nervous system. As a result the stress response reduces the ability to fight bacteria and increases the risk of subsequent infection. (HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary gland-adrenal; iNKT, invariant natural killer T cells; IFN-g, Interferon-gamma; IL-10, Interleukin-10; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; ↑, increase, ↓, decrease)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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