The FHIT gene product: tumor suppressor and genome "caretaker"

Abstract

The FHIT gene at FRA3B is one of the earliest and most frequently altered genes in the majority of human cancers. It was recently discovered that the FHIT gene is not the most fragile locus in epithelial cells, the cell of origin for most Fhit-negative cancers, eroding support for past claims that deletions at this locus are simply passenger events that are carried along in expanding cancer clones, due to extreme vulnerability to DNA damage rather than to loss of FHIT function. Indeed, recent reports have reconfirmed FHIT as a tumor suppressor gene with roles in apoptosis and prevention of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Other recent works have identified a novel role for the FHIT gene product, Fhit, as a genome "caretaker." Loss of this caretaker function leads to nucleotide imbalance, spontaneous replication stress, and DNA breaks. Because Fhit loss-induced DNA damage is "checkpoint blind," cells accumulate further DNA damage during subsequent cell cycles, accruing global genome instability that could facilitate oncogenic mutation acquisition and expedite clonal expansion. Loss of Fhit activity therefore induces a mutator phenotype. Evidence for FHIT as a mutator gene is discussed in light of these recent investigations of Fhit loss and subsequent genome instability.

Fig. 1

FHIT loss as a mechanism for evasion of oncogene-induced senescence

Fig. 2

FHIT loss-induced genome instability model for tumorigenic clonal expansion. Deletions in FHIT alleles occur due to FRA3B fragility causing loss of Fhit protein expression. Fhit loss triggers replication stress, followed by stress-induced chromosomal instability. Chromosomal instability facilitates the acquisition of oncogenic mutations followed by selective clonal expansion