Neuropsychological and psychological rehabilitation interventions in refractory sport-related post-concussive syndrome

Abstract

Background: The neuropsychological, physical, vestibular and oculomotor sequelae of sports-related concussion are extremely well documented. However, there is a paucity of interventions for these symptoms in refractory sports-related concussions.

Aim: The intent of this article is to review the known and emerging neuropsychological and psychological rehabilitation interventions for reducing morbidity in refractory sports-related concussions (SRCs).

Methods: The authors openly acknowledge the limited amount of empirical data available for review, as did the Zurich consensus papers, but posit a mindful and ethical approach towards rehabilitation interventions in the absence of evidence-based guidelines. Further, rehabilitation interventions proven useful with similar injuries or illnesses, particularly non-sports-related mild TBI, will be reviewed for applicability. Such interventions include Cognitive-Behavioural psychotherapy, biofeedback, cranial electrical stimulation, neurofeedback and cognitive rehabilitation.

Results and conclusions: Modified approaches for rehabilitation with young children within family and school systems are provided. Recommendations for further research are offered.

Keywords: Biofeedback; biopsychosocial; cognitive behavioural therapy; mild traumatic brain injury; neurofeedback; sport concussion.