Mental and substance use disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: predictions of epidemiological changes and mental health workforce requirements for the next 40 years

Abstract

The world is undergoing a rapid health transition, with an ageing population and disease burden increasingly defined by disability. In Sub-Saharan Africa the next 40 years are predicted to see reduced mortality, signalling a surge in the impact of chronic diseases. We modelled these epidemiological changes and associated mental health workforce requirements. Years lived with a disability (YLD) predictions for mental and substance use disorders for each decade from 2010 to 2050 for four Sub-Saharan African regions were calculated using Global Burden of Disease 2010 study (GBD 2010) data and UN population forecasts. Predicted mental health workforce requirements for 2010 and 2050, by region and for selected countries, were modelled using GBD 2010 prevalence estimates and recommended packages of care and staffing ratios for low- and middle-income countries, and compared to current staffing from the WHO Mental Health Atlas. Significant population growth and ageing will result in an estimated 130% increase in the burden of mental and substance use disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2050, to 45 million YLDs. As a result, the required mental health workforce will increase by 216,600 full time equivalent staff from 2010 to 2050, and far more compared to the existing workforce. The growth in mental and substance use disorders by 2050 is likely to significantly affect health and productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. To reduce this burden, packages of care for key mental disorders should be provided through increasing the mental health workforce towards targets outlined in this paper. This requires a shift from current practice in most African countries, involving substantial investment in the training of primary care practitioners, supported by district based mental health specialist teams using a task sharing model that mobilises local community resources, with the expansion of inpatient psychiatric units based in district and regional general hospitals.

Figure 1. Population age distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2010 and 2050.

Source: United Nations Population Data .

Figure 2. Change in disability burden distribution of communicable and non-communicable diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Note: CDs include all communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases; NCDs include all non-communicable diseases (including mental and substance use disorders).

Figure 3. Disability burden for individual mental and substance use disorders, 2010 to 2050.

Figure 4. Disability burden of mental and substance use disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa over time, all ages.

Figure 5. Change in disability burden of mental and substance use disorders over time, 20–54 years by age group, all Sub-Saharan Africa.

Figure 6. Predicted increase in FTE staff requirements for mental health care for selected Sub-Saharan African countries, 2010 to 2050.

Note: SSA East – Zambia, Ethiopia, Burundi; SSA West – Ghana, Nigeria, Chad; SSA Central – DRC, Angola; SSA Southern – South Africa, Zimbabwe.