Ylidenemalononitrile enamines as fluorescent "turn-on" indicators for primary amines

Abstract

Ylidenemalononitrile enamines undergo rapid amine exchange followed by a cyclization with primary amines to yield fluorescent products with emission intensities as high as 900 times greater than the starting materials. After identifying the fluorescent species by X-ray crystallography, we demonstrate that the rate of amine exchange is substrate dependent and that by simple structural variation the fluorescence can be tuned over the entire visible spectrum. We further demonstrate their potential application in biomolecule labeling.