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. 2015 Apr 1;38(4):507-14.
doi: 10.5665/sleep.4560.

Nightmares: risk factors among the Finnish general adult population

Nils Sandman  1   2 , Katja Valli  3   4 , Erkki Kronholm  5 , Antti Revonsuo  3   4 , Tiina Laatikainen  5   6   7 , Tiina Paunio  1   8
Affiliations

Nightmares: risk factors among the Finnish general adult population

Nils Sandman et al. Sleep. .

Abstract

Study objectives: To identify risk factors for experiencing nightmares among the Finnish general adult population. The study aimed to both test whether previously reported correlates of frequent nightmares could be reproduced in a large population sample and to explore previously unreported associations.

Design: Two independent cross-sectional population surveys of the National FINRISK Study.

Setting: Age- and sex-stratified random samples of the Finnish population in 2007 and 2012.

Participants: A total of 13,922 participants (6,515 men and 7,407 women) aged 25-74 y.

Interventions: N/A.

Measurements and results: Nightmare frequency as well as several items related to socioeconomic status, sleep, mental well-being, life satisfaction, alcohol use, medication, and physical well-being were recorded with a questionnaire. In multinomial logistic regression analysis, a depression-related negative attitude toward the self (odds ratio [OR] 1.32 per 1-point increase), insomnia (OR 6.90), and exhaustion and fatigue (OR 6.86) were the strongest risk factors for experiencing frequent nightmares (P < 0.001 for all). Sex, age, a self-reported impaired ability to work, low life satisfaction, the use of antidepressants or hypnotics, and frequent heavy use of alcohol were also strongly associated with frequent nightmares (P < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions: Symptoms of depression and insomnia were the strongest predictors of frequent nightmares in this dataset. Additionally, a wide variety of factors related to psychological and physical well-being were associated with nightmare frequency with modest effect sizes. Hence, nightmare frequency appears to have a strong connection with sleep and mood problems, but is also associated with a variety of measures of psychological and physical well-being.

Keywords: adult; depression; dreaming; epidemiology; insomnia; nightmare; risk factor.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The association between sleep duration and nightmare frequency is U-shaped. N = 13,708.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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