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Review
. 2013 Winter;4(1):5-23.

Septo-hippocampo-septal loop and memory formation

Fatemeh Khakpai  1 , Mohammad Nasehi  2 , Ali Haeri-Rohani  1 , Akram Eidi  1 , Mohammad Reza Zarrindast  1
Affiliations
Review

Septo-hippocampo-septal loop and memory formation

Fatemeh Khakpai et al. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2013 Winter.

Abstract

The Cholinergic and GABAergic fibers of the medial septal/diagonal band of Broca (MS/ DB) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. In addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. The activity of septal and hippocampal neurons is modulated by several neurotransmitter systems including glutamatergic neurons from the entorhinal cortex, serotonergic fibers from the raphe nucleus, dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), histaminergic cells from the tuberomammillary nucleus and adrenergic fibers from the locus coeruleus (LC). Thus, changes in the glutamatergic, serotonergic and other systems-mediated transmission in the MS/DB may influence cholinergic or GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus.

Keywords: Hippocampus; Learning; Memory; Septo-Hippocampal; Septum.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the septo-hippocampal and hippocampo-septal pathways. In these pathways, different neurotransmitters play important roles in memory processes. For details see text in Section 2. MS: medial septum; LS: lateral septum; DG: dentate gyrus.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of the main afferent pathways in the septum nuclei. Septal cholinergic and GABAergic fibers main afferents to the hippocampus. For details see text in Section 4. The following abbreviations were used; MS: medial septum; LS: lateral septum; R: raphe nucleus; LC: locus coeruleus; VTA: ventral tegmental area; En. cortex: entorhinal cortex; Tub: tuberomammillary nucleus; Arc: arcuate nucleus.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic illustration of the sites sending projections into the hippocampus. For details see text in Section 5. MS: medial septum; LS: lateral septum; R: raphe nucleus; LC: locus coeruleus; VTA: ventral tegmental area; En. cortex: entorhinal cortex; Tub: tuberomammillary nucleus; Arc: arcuate nucleus.
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