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. 2014 Nov 3;9(11):e111779.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111779. eCollection 2014.

Phylogenetic and genome-wide deep-sequencing analyses of canine parvovirus reveal co-infection with field variants and emergence of a recent recombinant strain

Ruben Pérez  1 , Lucía Calleros  1 , Ana Marandino  1 , Nicolás Sarute  1 , Gregorio Iraola  1 , Sofia Grecco  1 , Hervé Blanc  2 , Marco Vignuzzi  2 , Ofer Isakov  3 , Noam Shomron  3 , Lucía Carrau  1 , Martín Hernández  1 , Lourdes Francia  1 , Katia Sosa  1 , Gonzalo Tomás  1 , Yanina Panzera  1
Affiliations

Phylogenetic and genome-wide deep-sequencing analyses of canine parvovirus reveal co-infection with field variants and emergence of a recent recombinant strain

Ruben Pérez et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Canine parvovirus (CPV), a fast-evolving single-stranded DNA virus, comprises three antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) with different frequencies and genetic variability among countries. The contribution of co-infection and recombination to the genetic variability of CPV is far from being fully elucidated. Here we took advantage of a natural CPV population, recently formed by the convergence of divergent CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains, to study co-infection and recombination. Complete sequences of the viral coding region of CPV-2a and CPV-2c strains from 40 samples were generated and analyzed using phylogenetic tools. Two samples showed co-infection and were further analyzed by deep sequencing. The sequence profile of one of the samples revealed the presence of CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains that differed at 29 nucleotides. The other sample included a minor CPV-2a strain (13.3% of the viral population) and a major recombinant strain (86.7%). The recombinant strain arose from inter-genotypic recombination between CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains within the VP1/VP2 gene boundary. Our findings highlight the importance of deep-sequencing analysis to provide a better understanding of CPV molecular diversity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. CPV recombination network.
The phylogenetic network was generated from alignment of 42 complete CPV genome sequences. There are two main clades encompassing CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains (circles), and an edge (split) that reveals a possible recombination event involving strain 364-rec (KM457139). The Phi test for recombination was significant at p = 0.003.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Phylogenetic incongruence analysis.
Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed with non-recombinant fragments of the 4269-bp CPV coding region containing nt 1–2500 (A), and nt 2501–4269 (B). The 364-rec strain (arrowhead) associates with both the CPV-2c (A) and CPV-2a (B) clades. 2a-UY: Uruguayan CPV-2a clade; 2c-UY: Uruguayan CPV-2c clade; FPV-US.06: feline panleukopenia virus (EU659115); MEV-CH.09: mink enteritis virus (FJ592174); CPV2-US.79: Canine parvovirus type 2 (M38245); CPV2a-15 United States 2a isolate (M24003); CPV2a-s5/2010 Chinese 2a isolate (KF638400.1). CPV2c-56/00 Italian 2c isolate. CH: China; US: United States; UY: Uruguay.
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