A domain composed of epidermal growth factor-like structures of human thrombomodulin is essential for thrombin binding and for protein C activation

Abstract

Thrombomodulin, an endothelial thrombin receptor, acts as a cofactor for the thrombin-catalyzed activation of anticoagulant protein C. The extracellular region of human thrombomodulin consists of three tentative domains, a NH2-terminal domain (D1), a domain involving six consecutive epidermal growth factor-like structures (D2), and an O-glycosylation-rich domain (D3). To identify the domain onto which thrombin binds, a series of recombinant proteins corresponding to the entire protein, D1, D2, D1 + D2, D1 + D2 + D3, and D2 + D3 were expressed in simian COS-1 cells. The proteins were partially purified by rabbit anti-thrombomodulin-F(ab')2-agarose chromatography. Western blotting analysis showed the expression of the respective recombinant proteins. All proteins involving D2, as well as D2 alone, had cofactor activity that allowed binding directly to thrombin, but D1 did not. The cofactor activity of the entire protein but not the mutants is increased in the presence of phospholipids and this is the only protein that binds to the phospholipid layer. These results indicate that the domain involving the epidermal growth factor-like structures of thrombomodulin is essential for thrombin binding and expression of the cofactor activity for protein C activation and that none of the extracellular domains interact with phospholipids.