Multilevel mini-open TLIFs and percutaneous pedicle screw fixation: description of a simple technical nuance used to increase intraoperative safety and improve workflow. Tips and tricks and review of the literature

Abstract

We describe a technical variation used to enhance intraoperative safety and efficiency in multilevel percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSFs) and mini-open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (m-TLIFs). A review of the literature on percutaneous screw insertion techniques and related pitfalls is presented. PPSFs and m-TLIFs are increasingly used techniques in multilevel lumbar degenerative disease. Facetectomy and TLIF are usually performed before inserting ipsilateral pedicle screws. Such techniques can cause unintended violation of the pedicle and injure the dura or neural structures, particularly in multilevel cases. A literature review revealed a lack of intraoperative and fluoroscopic images detailing the technique for multilevel PPSF and m-TLIF(s) performed through tubular, expandable retractors. Thirteen patients with two- to four-level disease underwent multilevel PPSF and m-TLIF (one to four levels). The Kirschner Cage Screw (KCS) technique, consisting of early insertion of K-wires in all pedicles followed by facetectomy and m-TLIF(s) and, finally, screw insertion, was used in order to minimize the risk of dural/neural injuries. Neither CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) leaks nor nerve root injuries nor technique-related complications were encountered with a follow-up ranging from 7 to 38 months (mean 23.6). In conclusion, the KCS technique allows safe identification of the pedicles without opening the canal during m-TLIF(s). Moreover, by visualizing the K-wires inside the retractor, the surgeon can check the pedicle position during facetectomy, and screws can be introduced with a minimal risk of neural or dural injuries. We believe that the proposed technique increases the safety and ease of the procedure, particularly in multilevel cases.