Naïve prey exhibit reduced antipredator behavior and survivorship

Abstract

Prey naiveté has been hypothesized to be one of the major driving forces behind population declines following the introduction of novel predators or release of inexperienced prey into predator rich environments. In these cases, naïve prey may lack sufficient antipredator behavior and, as a result, suffer increased mortality. Despite this, some evidence suggests that many prey utilize a generalized response to predators. Here, the naiveté hypothesis is tested using a predator-prey pair sharing an evolutionary history: the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard, 1852) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, 1802). Using farm-reared, naïve crayfish and wild-caught, experienced individuals, laboratory experiments demonstrated that naïve, farmed crayfish lack behavioral responses to chemical cues from bass, both in terms of movement and use of structural refuge. In contrast, experienced crayfish responded strongly to the same cues. In a subsequent field tethering experiment, these naïve individuals suffered a three-fold increase in predation rate. Based on these results, recognition of predators may not be innate in all prey, and previous experience and learning likely play a key role in the development of antipredator behavior.

Keywords: Bass; Chemical cues; Crayfish; Naivety; Olfactory; Predation; Predator-prey; Trophic.

Figure 1. Structure experiment.

The percentage (+ 1SE) of the trial period spent hiding in refuge. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences.

Figure 2. Movement experiment.

The amount of crayfish movement, as indicated by the cumulative number of squares (+ 1SE) occupied over the trial period. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences.

Figure 3. Tethering experiment.

Proportion of surviving tethered crayfish after 24 h (+ 1SE).