Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2015 Jan;26(1):59-67.
doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000205.

Chronic kidney disease and risk of renal cell carcinoma: differences by race

Jonathan N Hofmann  1 , Douglas A Corley, Wei K Zhao, Joanne S Colt, Brian Shuch, Wong-Ho Chow, Mark P Purdue
Affiliations

Chronic kidney disease and risk of renal cell carcinoma: differences by race

Jonathan N Hofmann et al. Epidemiology. 2015 Jan.

Abstract

Background: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma in the United States differs by race/ethnicity. To better understand these disparities, we conducted a nested case-control study investigating renal cell carcinoma risk factors across racial/ethnic groups within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care network.

Methods: Our study included 3136 renal cell carcinoma cases (2152 whites, 293 blacks, 425 Hispanics, and 255 Asians) diagnosed between 1998 and 2008 and 31031 individually matched controls (21478 whites, 2836 blacks, 4147 Hispanics, and 2484 Asians). Risk of renal cell carcinoma was assessed in relation to smoking status, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression, and population attributable risk (PAR) to estimate by race the proportion of cases attributable to hypertension and chronic kidney disease.

Results: The association between chronic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma differed markedly by race (Pinteraction < 0.001), with associations observed among blacks (OR = 10.4 [95% CI = 6.0-17.9]), Asians (5.1 [2.2-11.7]), and Hispanics (2.3 [1.1-4.6]) but not whites (1.1 [0.6-1.9]). Hypertension, high BMI, and smoking were associated with renal cell carcinoma, but findings generally did not differ by race. Relative to other racial/ethnic groups, blacks had the highest proportion of renal cell carcinoma incidence attributable to hypertension and chronic kidney disease (combined, PAR = 37%; hypertension only, PAR = 27%; chronic kidney disease, PAR = 10%).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that hypertension and chronic kidney disease likely have contributed to the observed excess in renal cell carcinoma incidence among blacks compared with whites.

PubMed Disclaimer

Comment in

References

    1. Chow WH, Dong LM, Devesa SS. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(5):245–257. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2011. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
    1. Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, et al. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):818–827. - PubMed
    1. United States Renal Data System (USRDS) USRDS 2012 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012.
    1. Colt JS, Schwartz K, Graubard BI, et al. Hypertension and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma Among White and Black Americans. Epidemiology. 2011;22(6):797–804. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms