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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Nov 14;2014(11):CD006137.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006137.pub2.

H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria

Maulina Sharma  1 , Cathy Bennett, Stuart N Cohen, Ben Carter
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria

Maulina Sharma et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is characterised by the development of crops of red, itchy, raised weals or hives with no identifiable external cause.Objectives To assess the effects of H1-antihistamines for CSU.Search methods We searched the following databases up to June 2014: Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (2014, Issue 5), MEDLINE(from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974) and PsycINFO (from 1806). We searched five trials registers and checked articles for references to relevant randomised controlled trials.Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials of H1-antihistamines for CSU. Interventions included single therapy or a combination of H1-antihistamines compared with no treatment (placebo) or another active pharmacological compound at any dose.Data collection and analysis We used standard methodological procedures as expected by The Cochrane Collaboration.Our primary outcome measures were proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria: 'good or excellent' response,50% or greater improvement in quality of life measures, and adverse events.We present risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals(CIs). Main results We identified 73 studies (9759 participants); 34 studies provided data for 23 comparisons. The duration of the intervention was up to two weeks (short-term) or longer than two weeks and up to three months (intermediate-term).Cetirizine 10mg once daily in the short term and in the intermediate term led to complete suppression of urticaria by more participants than was seen with placebo (RR 2.72, 95% CI 1.51 to 4.91). For this same outcome, comparison of desloratadine versus placebo in the intermediate term (5 mg) (RR 37.00, 95% CI 2.31 to 593.70) and in the short term (20 mg) (RR 15.97, 95% CI 1.04 to 245.04)favoured desloratadine, but no differences were seen between 5 mg and 10 mg for short-term treatment.Levocetirizine 20 mg per day (short-term) was more effective for complete suppression of urticaria compared with placebo (RR 20.87,95% CI 1.37 to 317.60), and at 5 mg was effective in the intermediate term (RR 52.88, 95% CI 3.31 to 843.81) but not in the shortterm, nor was 10 mg effective in the short term.Rupatadine at 10 mg and 20 mg in the intermediate term achieved a 'good or excellent response' compared with placebo (RR 1.35,95% CI 1.03 to 1.77).Loratadine (10 mg) versus placebo (RR 1.86, 95% CI 0.91 to 3.79) and loratadine (10 mg) versus cetirizine (10 mg) (RR 1.05, 95%CI 0.76 to 1.43) over short-term and intermediate-term treatment showed no significant difference for 'good or excellent response' or for complete suppression of urticaria, respectively.Loratadine (10 mg) versus desloratadine (5 mg) (intermediate-term) showed no statistically significant difference for complete suppression of urticaria (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.06) or for 'good or excellent response' (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.71). For loratadine(10 mg) versus mizolastine (10 mg) (intermediate-term), no statistically significant difference was seen for complete suppression of urticaria (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.16) or for 'good or excellent response' (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.42).Loratadine (10mg) versus emedastine (2mg) (intermediate-term) showed no statistically significant difference for complete suppression(RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.39) or for 'good or excellent response' (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.24); the quality of the evidence was moderate for this comparison.No difference in short-term treatment was noted between loratadine (10mg) and hydroxyzine (25mg) in terms of complete suppression(RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.32 to 3.10).When desloratadine (5 to 20 mg) was compared with levocetirizine (5 to 20 mg), levocetirizine appeared to be the more effective (P value < 0.02).In a comparison of fexofenadine versus cetirizine, more participants in the cetirizine group showed complete suppression of urticaria(P value < 0.001).Adverse events leading to withdrawals were not significantly different in the following comparisons: cetirizine versus placebo at 10 mg and 20 mg (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.68 to 13.22); desloratadine 5 mg versus placebo (RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.42 to 5.10); loratadine 10 mg versus mizolastine 10 mg (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.04 to 3.60); loratadine 10mg versus emedastine 2mg (RR 1.09, 95%CI 0.07 to 17.14);cetirizine 10 mg versus hydroxyzine 25 mg (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.45); and hydroxyzine 25 mg versus placebo (RR 3.64, 95%CI 0.77 to 17.23), all intermediate term.No difference was seen between loratadine 10 mg versus mizolastine 10 mg in the proportion of participants with at least 50%improvement in quality of life (RR 3.21, 95% CI 0.32 to 32.33).Authors' conclusions Although the results of our review indicate that at standard doses of treatment, several antihistamines are effective when compared with placebo, all results were gathered from a few studies or, in some cases, from single-study estimates. The quality of the evidence was affected by the small number of studies in each comparison and the small sample size for many of the outcomes, prompting us to downgrade the quality of evidence for imprecision (unless stated for each comparison, the quality of the evidence was low).No single H1-antihistamine stands out as most effective. Cetirizine at 10 mg once daily in the short term and in the intermediate term was found to be effective in completely suppressing urticaria. Evidence is limited for desloratadine given at 5 mg once daily in the intermediate term and at 20 mg in the short term. Levocetirizine at 5 mg in the intermediate but not short term was effective for complete suppression. Levocetirizine 20 mg was effective in the short term, but 10 mg was not. No difference in rates of withdrawal due to adverse events was noted between active and placebo groups. Evidence for improvement in quality of life was insufficient.

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Conflict of interest statement

Maulina Sharma: "I have represented the Cochrane Skin Group as a stakeholder for a NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) scoping workshop for chronic spontaneous urticaria: omalizumab 2014. I have received an honorarium as a speaker for a general practitioner (GP) educational event, which was donated to the charitable funds of the department. I have attended training and continuing medical education (CME) events that may have been sponsored in part by pharmaceutical industry. I have been a subinvestigator for clinical trials conducted in the Department of Dermatology, George Eliot Hospitals NHS Trust, Nuneaton, UK (2005 to 2006), in particular, the CUTE study (NCT00264303). I was not involved in writing of the results and received no payments for my involvement with the clinical trials." Cathy Bennett: "I am the proprietor of Systematic Research Ltd, a company providing research services; I am an employee of this company and received a consultancy fee for the production of this review. I have also received consultancy fees for other Cochrane reviews and work in evidence‐based medicine." Stuart N Cohen: Nothing to declare. Ben Carter: Nothing to declare.

Dr Karsten Weller was a clinical referee: "I received lecture fees or advisory board fees from Novartis, Uriach, FAES, MSD (Essex Pharma), UCB or was involved in clinical studies with drugs from these companies."

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Loratadine 10 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with 'good' or 'excellent' response whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Loratadine 10 mg versus cetirizine 10 mg, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Loratadine 10 mg versus desloratadine 5 mg, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Loratadine 10 mg versus desloratadine 5 mg, Outcome 2 Proportion of participants with 'good' or 'excellent' response whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Loratadine 10 mg versus mizolastine 10 mg, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Loratadine 10 mg versus mizolastine 10 mg, Outcome 2 Proportion of participants with 'good' or 'excellent' response whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Loratadine 10 mg versus mizolastine 10 mg, Outcome 3 Proportion of participants with at least 50% improvement in QoL whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Loratadine 10 mg versus mizolastine 10 mg, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events (i.e. serious enough to require withdrawal of treatment).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Loratadine 10 mg versus emedastine 2 mg, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Loratadine 10 mg versus emedastine 2 mg, Outcome 2 Proportion of participants with good or excellent response whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Loratadine 10 mg versus emedastine 2 mg, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events (i.e. serious enough to require withdrawal of treatment).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Loratadine 10 mg versus hydroxyzine 25 mg, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Cetirizine 10 to 20 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Cetirizine 10 to 20 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events (i.e. serious enough to require withdrawal of treatment).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Cetirizine 10 mg versus hydroxyzine 25 mg, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events (i.e. serious enough to require withdrawal of treatment).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Desloratadine 5 to 20 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Desloratadine 5 to 20 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events (i.e. serious enough to require withdrawal of treatment).
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Hydroxyzine 25 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events (i.e. serious enough to require withdrawal of treatment to withdrawal).
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Levocetirizine 5 to 20 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Rupatadine 10 to 20 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants with 'good' or 'excellent' response whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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Ortonne 2004 {published data only}
    1. Grob JJ, Stalder JF, Dreyfus I, Ortonne JP. Desloratadine improves quality of life and measures of impaired sleep and daily activity in chronic idiopathic urticaria [Abstract]. American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, San Francisco, California, March 19‐23 2004. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2004;113(2 Suppl):S28. [CENTRAL: CN‐00475471]
    1. Ortonne JP, Dron Gonzalvez M, Brassac I, Guinnepain MT. Desloratadine has a rapid and enduring impact on signs and symptoms in chronic idiopathic urticaria [Abstract]. American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, San Francisco, California, March 19‐23 2004. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2004; Vol. 113, issue 2 Suppl:S135. [CENTRAL: CN‐00476210]
Ortonne 2007 {published data only}
    1. Grob JJ, Auquier P, Dreyfus I, Ortonne JP. Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double‐blind, multicentre, placebo‐controlled study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2008;22(1):87‐93. [PUBMED: 18181978] - PubMed
    1. Ortonne JP, Grob JJ, Auquier P, Dreyfus I. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2007;8(1):37‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Patel 1997 {published data only}
    1. Patel P, Danzig M. Comparative efficacy and safety of loratadine and cetirizine in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Advances in Therapy 1997; Vol. 14, issue 6:318‐22. [EMBASE: 1998034759]
Paul 1998 {published data only}
    1. Paul E, Berth Jones J, Ortonne JP, Stern M. Fexofenadine hydrochloride in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, dose‐ranging study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1998; Vol. 9, issue 3:143‐9. [EMBASE: 1998346160]
Peyri 1991 {published data only}
    1. Peyri J, Vidal J, Marron J, Fonseca E, Suarez E, Ledo A, et al. Ebastine in chronic urticaria: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1991;2(2):51‐3. [EMBASE: 1991326012]
Phanuphak 1987 {published data only}
    1. Phanuphak P. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of ketotifen in chronic urticaria. Immunology & Allergy Practice 1987;9(4):138‐43. [EMBASE: 1987132488]
Pons‐Guiraud 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pons‐Guiraud A, Nekam K, Lahovsky J, Costa A, Piacentini A. Emedastine difumarate versus loratadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double‐blind, controlled European multicentre clinical trial. European Journal of Dermatology 2006;16(6):649‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Potter 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00264303. CUTE (Chronic Urticaria Treatment Evaluation). //clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00264303 (accessed 3 July 2013).
    1. Potter PC, Kapp A, Maurer M, Guillet G, Jian AM, Hauptmann P, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of levocetirizine 5 mg and desloratadine 5 mg in chronic idiopathic urticaria patients. Allergy 2009; Vol. 64, issue 4:596‐604. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ring 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hein R, Gauger A, Rikken G, Staudinger H, Ring J. Rapid onset and sustained efficacy of desloratadine in treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergologie 2000;23:427. [CENTRAL: CN‐00606999]
    1. Prenner B, Desloratadine urticaria study group. Desloratadine has a rapid onset of action in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2001;86:84. [CENTRAL: CN‐00385348]
    1. Ring J, Hein R, Gauger A, Bronsky E, Miller B. Once‐daily desloratadine improves the signs and symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. International Journal of Dermatology 2001;40(1):72‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Salo 1989 {published data only}
    1. Salo OP, Harvey SG, Calthrop JG, Gibson JR. A comparison of acrivastine versus hydroxyzine and placebo in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of International Medical Research 1989;17(Suppl 2):18B‐21B. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sener 1999 {published data only}
    1. Sener O, Taskapan O, Kalelioglu C, Ozanguc N. Efficacy of fluoxetine versus ketotifen in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1999;82:119. [CENTRAL: CN‐00284498]
Staevska 2014 {published data only}
    1. Staevska MT, Gugutkova MD, Lazarova TC, Kralimarkova TZ, Dimitrov VD, Popov TA. Effect of two different drug regimens containing higher than conventional doses of levocetirizine in weaning urticaria patients from systemic corticosteroid treatment. Conference: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and World Allergy Organization World Allergy and Asthma Congress 2013 Milan Italy. Conference Start: 20130622 Conference End: 20130622. Conference Publication:. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013;68(Suppl 97):189‐336.
    1. Staevska, M, Gugutkova M, Lazarova C, Kralimarkova T Dimitrov V, Zuberbier T, et al. Night‐time sedating H1‐antihistamine increases daytime somnolence but not treatment efficacy in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2014;171(1):148‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Thompson 2000 Study 1 {published data only}
    1. Thompson A, Finn A, Schoenwetter W. Effect of 60 mg BID fexofenadine HCL on quality of life, work productivity, and regular activity in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1999;82:122. [CENTRAL: CN‐00285038] - PubMed
    1. Thompson AK, Finn AF, Schoenwetter WF. Effect of 60 mg twice‐daily fexofenadine HCl on quality of life, work and classroom productivity, and regular activity in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2000;43(1 Pt 1):24‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thompson 2000 Study 2 {published data only}
    1. Thompson A, Finn A, Schoenwetter W. Effect of 60 mg BID fexofenadine HCL on quality of life, work productivity, and regular activity in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1999; Vol. 82:122. [CENTRAL: CN‐00285038]
    1. Thompson AK, Finn AF, Schoenwetter WF. Effect of 60 mg twice‐daily fexofenadine HCl on quality of life, work and classroom productivity, and regular activity in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2000;43(1 Pt 1):24‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wan KS. Efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonist with an anti‐H1 receptor antagonist for treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2009; Vol. 20, issue 4:194‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wang HJ, Zhang JA, Yu JB. Clinical observation of long‐term decrement mizolastine therapy in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2012; Vol. 41, issue 7:440‐2. [EMBASE: 2012596086]
Weller 2013 {published data only}
    1. Weller K, Ardelean E, Scholz E, Martus P, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Can on‐demand non‐sedating antihistamines improve urticaria symptoms? A double‐blind, randomized, single‐dose study. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 2013; Vol. 93, issue 2:168‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wu S‐X, Guo N‐R, Chen J, Sun J‐F. Different dosages of azelastine and in combination of cimetidine in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2008;37(3):194‐6. [EMBASE: 2008197256]
Yin 2003a {published data only}
    1. Yin R, Hao F, Xiang MM, Shun RS, Deng J. A clinical trial of levocetirizine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2003;32(8):477‐8.
Yin 2003b {published data only}
    1. Yin R, Diao QC, Ye QY. Clinical research of three antihistamines in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2003b;32(11):675‐77.
Zou 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zou Y, Chen XP. Curative effect of desloratadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Central China Medical Journal 2002;27(2):75‐6.
Zuberbier 2010 {published data only}
    1. Zuberbier T, Oanta A, Bogacka E, Medina I, Wesel F, Uhl P, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs levocetirizine 5 mg for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a multi‐centre, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Allergy 2010; Vol. 65, issue 4:516‐28. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aberer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Aberer W, Kränke B. One‐year treatment of chronic urticaria with mizolastine: efficacy and safety. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2001; Vol. 15, issue 1:77‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Abushareeah 1997 {published data only}
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Alomar 1990b {published data only}
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Andri 1993 {published data only}
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Anon 1992 {published data only}
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Anonymous 1989 {published data only}
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Anonymous 1990 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous (Wan‐Qing L). A double‐blind clinical trial of astemizole in the treatment of chronic urticaria (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Dermatology 1990;26(3):120‐1.
Anonymous 1992 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Acid casein and cyproheptadine in the treatment of 150 cases of chronic urticaria (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Dermatology 1992;25(4):263.
Arendt 1989 {published data only}
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Atsushi 1985 {published data only}
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Bakos 1985 {published data only}
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Baraf 1976 {published data only}
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Bernd 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bernd LAG. Astemizol and terfenadine: double‐blind study in the treatment of chronic urticaria [Estudo duplo‐cego entre astemizol e terfenadina no tratamento da urticaria cronica]. Folha Medica 1989;99(5‐6):295‐300. [EMBASE: 1990061508]
Bernstein 1986 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein IL, Bernstein DI. Efficacy and safety of astemizole, a long‐acting and non‐sedating H1 antagonist for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1986;77(1 Pt 1):37‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bernstein 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein JA, Levin L, Zhong W. Combination treatment with cetirizine and zafirlukast improves urticaria in patients with autoantibody to FcE1 receptors [Abstract 476]. American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 58th Annual Meeting. New York, New York, USA. March 1‐6, 2002. Journal of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2002; Vol. 109 (Suppl 1).
Bian 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bian ZP, Qian ML, Mao NE, Luo BG. A randomised controlled trial of loratadine versus astemizole in the treatment of chronic urticaria (Chinese). Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1996;25(3):165‐6.
Bleehen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Bleehen SS, Thomas SE, Greaves MW, Newton J, Kennedy CT, Hindley F, et al. Cimetidine and chlorpheniramine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a multi‐centre randomized double‐blind study. British Journal of Dermatology 1987;117(1):81‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bloom 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bloom M, Staudinger H, Herron J. Safety of desloratadine syrup in children. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2004;20(12):1959‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Brunet 1990 {published data only}
    1. Brunet C, Bedard PM, Hebert J. Effects of H1‐antihistamine drug regimen on histamine release by non‐lesional skin mast cells of patients with chronic urticaria. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1990;86(5):787‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cainelli 1986 {published data only}
    1. Cainelli T, Seidenari S, Valsecchi R, Mosca M. Double‐blind comparison of astemizole and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Pharmatherapeutica 1986;4(10):679‐86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Camarasa 2001 {published data only}
    1. Camarasa JM, Aliaga A, Fernandez‐Vozmediano JM, Fonseca E, Iglesias L, Tagarro I. Azelastine tablets in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Phase III, randomised, double‐blind, placebo and active controlled multicentric clinical trial. Skin Pharmacology & Applied Skin Physiology 2001;14(2):77‐86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cassano 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cassano N, Cesare G, Tsapoga V, Vena GA. Cyclosporin in chronic urticaria: state of the art [Ciclosporina nell'orticaria cronica: stato dell'arte]. Annali Italiani di Dermatologia Allergologica Clinica e Sperimentale 2007;61(1):6‐11. [EMBASE: 2007300249]
Cerio 1984 {published data only}
    1. Cerio R, Lessof MH. Treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria with terfenadine. Clinical Allergy 1984; Vol. 14, issue 2:139‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chatterjee 1996 {published data only}
    1. Chatterjee G, Banerjee PK. A comparison of the efficacy of cetirizine and terfenadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Indian Journal of Dermatology 1996;41(3):82‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00663322]
Chen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chen LY, Guo YQ. Observation on short‐term therapeutic effect of Bo's abdominal acupuncture on chronic urticaria [Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhenjiu 2005;25(11):768‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Church 2009 {published data only}
    1. Church D, Baiardini I, Staevska M, Popov T, Kralimarkova T, Dimitrov V, et al. The effectiveness of antihistamines in up to four‐times conventional doses on urticarial discomfort and quality of life in difficult‐to‐treat urticaria [Abstract]. 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Abstract Book Warszawa Poland. Conference Start: 20090606 Conference End: 20090610. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;64:571. [EMBASE: 70021424]
Cook 1983 {published data only}
    1. Cook LJ, Shuster S. Lack of effect of cimetidine in chronic‐idiopathic urticaria. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1983;63(3):265‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Demaubeuge 1982 {published data only}
    1. Demaubeuge J, Tennstedt D, Broux R. Does mast cell protection plus mediator antagonism surpass the effect of a classic antihistaminic in the treatment of chronic urticaria? A double‐blind comparison of oxatomide and mequitazine. Dermatologica 1982; Vol. 164, issue 6:386‐94. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Devillier 2007 {published data only}
    1. Devillier P, Bousquet J. Inhibition of the histamine‐induced weal and flare response: a valid surrogate measure for antihistamine clinical efficacy?. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2007;37(3):400‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Devillier 2008 {published data only}
    1. Devillier P, Roche N, Faisy C. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desloratadine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine: a comparative review. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2008;47(4):217‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dhurandhar 1987 {published data only}
    1. Dhurandhar MW, Sharma SD. Azatadine versus pheniramine in chronic urticaria. Medicine and Surgery 1987;27(9):15‐7. [EMBASE: 1988189679]
Diller 1983 {published data only}
    1. Diller G, Orfanos CE. Management of idiopathic urticaria with H1 + H2 antagonists. A crossover double blind long‐term study [Behandlung der idiopathischen urticaria mit H1+H2 antagonisten. Ergebnisse einer crossover‐doppelblind‐langzeitstudie]. H+G Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten 1983;58(11):785‐93. [EMBASE: 1983171814] - PubMed
Dockx 1981 {published data only}
    1. Dockx P, Vertommen J, Daele R. Oxatomide effective in chronic urticaria: a double‐blind comparison with a placebo. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1981;29(3 II):510‐6. [EMBASE: 1981227927]
Farshchain 2002 {published data only}
    1. Farshchain M. Comparison of ketotifen effectiveness with hydroxyzine in the treatment of pruritus and chronic idiopathic urticaria [Abstract]. 20th World Congress of Dermatology Paris, 1st to 5th July 2002. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 2002;129:P1667.
Ferguson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Ferguson J, MacDonald KJ, Kenicer KJ. Terfenadine and placebo compared in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomised double‐blind study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1985;20(6):639‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fox 1986 {published data only}
    1. Fox RW, Lockey RF, Bukantz SC, Serbousek D. The treatment of mild to severe chronic idiopathic urticaria with astemizole: double‐blind and open trials. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1986;78(6):1159‐66. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fredriksson 1986 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T, Hersle K, Hjorth N, Mobacken H, Persson T, Salde L, et al. Terfenadine in chronic urticaria: a comparison with clemastine and placebo. Cutis 1986; Vol. 38, issue 2:128‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gao 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gao H, Li XZ, Ye WW, Zhou BY, Jin YJ, Qiu Y, et al. [Influence of penetrative needling of Shendao (GV 11) on the symptom score and serum IgE content in chronic urticaria patients]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu = Acupuncture Research/[Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Yi Xue Qing Bao Yan Jiu Suo Bian Ji] 2009; Vol. 34, issue 4:272‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ge 1987 {published data only}
    1. Ge ZP, Luo CH. The efficacy contrast between doxepin and cyproheptadine for chronic urticaria (Chinese). Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1987;16(5):242‐3.
Giannetti 1991 {published data only}
    1. Giannetti A, Motolese A. Controlled clinical study of cetirizine versus astemizole in patients with idiopathic chronic urticaria [Studio clinico controllato ceririzina verso astemizolo in pazienti con orticaria cronica idiopatica]. Chronica Dermatologica 1991;1(3):321‐35. [EMBASE: 1991245329]
Gibson 1984 {published data only}
    1. Gibson JR, Harvey SG, Barth JH, Moss MY, Burke CA. An assessment of the novel antihistamine BW 825C in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. A placebo‐controlled study. Dermatologica 1984; Vol. 169, issue 4:179‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Godse 2006 {published data only}
    1. Godse KV. Oral montelukast monotherapy is ineffective in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a comparison with oral cetirizine. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2006;72(4):312‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gong 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gong J, Gao GB, Zhang W. Combined treatment with cetirizine, cimetidine and dipyridamole in 57 patients with chronic urticaria (Chinese). Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1995;24(3):163‐4.
Gonzalez‐Morales 1985 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez‐Morales JE, Leal De Hernandez L, Welsh O. Tolerance and efficacy of terfenadine compared with placebo in idiopathic chronic urticaria [Tolerancia y eficacia de la tefernadina contra placebo en el tratamiento de la urticaria cronica idiopatica. Estudio comparativo doble ciego.]. Dermatologia Revista Mexicana 1985;29(3):100‐4. [EMBASE: 1987098302]
Greaves 1981 {published data only}
    1. Greaves MW. Antihistamine treatment: a patient self‐assessment method in chronic urticaria. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 1981;283(6304):1435‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Greene 1985 {published data only}
    1. Greene SL, Reed CE, Schroeter AL. Double‐blind crossover study comparing doxepin with diphenhydramine for the treatment of chronic urticaria. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1985;12(4):669‐75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grob 2009 {published data only}
    1. Grob JJ, Auquier P, Dreyfus I, Ortonne JP. How to prescribe antihistamines for chronic idiopathic urticaria: desloratadine daily vs PRN and quality of life. Allergy 2009;64(4):605‐12. [PUBMED: 19133920] - PubMed
Guaglianone 1988 {published data only}
    1. Guaglianone MH, Vergallo G, Iudice A, Henauer S. Once a day dosage of terfenadine in chronic urticaria: a double‐blind comparison with the standard dosage. Arerugi [Allergy] 1988;43(Suppl 7):94.
Guerra 1994 {published data only}
    1. Guerra L, Vincenzi C, Marchesi E, Tosti A, Pretto E, Bassi R, et al. Loratadine and cetirizine in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 1994;3(2):148‐52. [EMBASE: 1994126862]
Hair 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hair PI, Scott LJ. Levocetirizine: a review of its use in the management of allergic rhinitis and skin allergies. Drugs 2006;66(7):973‐96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hamerlinck 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hamerlinck FFV, Boyden B, Oei HD, Niordson AM, Avrach W, Ottevanger V, et al. A double‐blind comparative study of loratadine and astemizole in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1994;5(4):199‐202. [EMBASE: 1995029316]
Hampel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hampel F, Nayak A, Texter M. The safety and tolerability of levocetirizine dihydrochloride in children 1‐5 years with allergic rhinitis or chronic idiopathic urticaria. Conference: Southwest Allergy Forum Puerto Vallarta Mexico. Conference Start: 20090114 Conference End: 20090118. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings 2009;30(2):209. [EMBASE: 70148899]
    1. Hampel F, Ratner P, Haeusler JMC. Safety and tolerability of levocetirizine dihydrochloride in infants and children with allergic rhinitis or chronic urticaria. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings 2010;31(4):290‐5. [EMBASE: 2010482204] - PubMed
    1. NCT00619801. A multi‐center, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled parallel group study of the safety of levocetirizine dihydrochloride oral liquid formulation b.i.d dosing in children aged 1 to < 6 years suffering from allergic rhinitis or chronic urticaria of unknown origin [completed]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00619801 (accessed 31 Jul 2008).
Han 1992 {published data only}
    1. Han G, Ran LH. The curative effect observation of terfenadine for 116 cases hives (Chinese). Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1992;21(3):159.
Hong 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hong JB, Lee HC, Hu FC, Chu CY. A randomized, double‐blind, active‐controlled, parallel‐group pilot study to compare the efficacy and sedative effects of desloratadine 5 mg with levocetirizine 5 mg in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010; Vol. 63, issue 5:e100‐2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Honsinger 1990 {published data only}
    1. Honsinger RW Jr, Thomsen RJ. Prolonged benefit in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria with astemizole. Annals of Allergy 1990;65(3):194‐200. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Huo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Huo HM. Efficacy observation on acupuncture combined with bloodletting for chronic urticaria. Zhongguo Zhenjiu = Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 2014; Vol. 34, issue 1:41‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ishibashi 1989 {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Yoshida H, Kukita A, Harada S, Nishikawa T, Okawara A, et al. Dose finding study of astemizole (MJD‐30) on chronic urticaria [Astemizole (MJD‐30) no Mansei Jimmashin ni Okeru Shiteki Yoryo no Kento]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1989;5(12):2531‐43. [CENTRAL: CN‐00547587]
Ishibashi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Niimura M, Ueda H, Imamura S, Yamamoto S, et al. Clinical evaluation of KG‐2413 (emedastine difumarate) on chronic urticaria by multicenter double‐blind study: comparative study between 2mg/day, 4mg/day, and ketotifen fumarate [Tashisetsu Niju Mokenho ni Yoru Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Ko Arerugi Zai KG‐2413 (Fumarusan Emedasuchin) no Rinsho Hyoka: 2mg/Nichi, 4mg/Nichi Oyobi Fumarusan Ketoshifen ni Yoru 3 Gunkan Hikaku Seiseki]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1990;6(1):141‐59. [CENTRAL: CN‐00547345]
Ishibashi 1990a {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Kukita A, Nishikawa T, Yoshida H, Okawara A, et al. A clinical study of astemizole (MJD‐30) in treating chronic urticaria: a double blind, comparative study using ketotifen fumarate as a control drug [Astemizole (MJD‐30) no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Rinsho Shiken: Ketotifen Fumarate o Taishoyaku to Shita Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1990;6(8):1623‐38. [CENTRAL: CN‐00547150]
Ishibashi 1990b {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Kukita A, Nishikawa T, Yoshida H, Okawara A, et al. A clinical study of astemizole (MJD‐30) in treating chronic urticaria: a double blind, comparative study using ketotifen fumarate as a control drug [Astemizole (MJD‐30) no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Rinsho Shiken: Ketotifen Fumarate o Taishoyaku to Shita Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1990;6(8):1623‐38. [CENTRAL: CN‐00547150]
Ishibashi 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Niimura M, Kawashima M, Yamamoto S, Yoshida H, et al. A multicenter double‐blind comparative study: clinical evaluation of TAU‐284 (betotastine besilate) on chronic urticaria using terfenadine as a control drug [TAU‐284 (Beshirusan Betotasuchin) no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Rinsho Hyoka: Terufenajin o Taishoyaku to Shita Tashisetsu Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1997;13(5):1287‐306. [CENTRAL: CN‐00547332]
Ishibashi 1997a {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi, Y, Harada, S, Niimura, M. Early phase II study of TAU‐284 (betotastine besilate) on chronic urticaria [in Japanese]. Rinsho Iyaku 1997;13(5):1199‐215.
Ishibashi 1997b {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi, Y, Harada, S, Niimura, M. Late phase II study of TAU‐284 (betotastine besilate) on chronic urticaria: optimal dose finding study by double‐blind technique [in Japanese]. Rinsho Iyaku 1997; Vol. 13, issue 5:1237‐57.
Isola 1985 {published data only}
    1. Isola E, Rosengarten S, Torre F. Comparative multicenter study of the tolerance and efficacy of terfenadine vs placebo in chronic urticaria [Estudio multicentrico comparativo sobre tolerancia y eficacia de terfenadina vs. placebo en urticaria cronica]. Investigación Médica Internacional 1985;12(1):40‐8. [EMBASE: 1985205432]
Jauregui 2006 {published data only}
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Jia 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jia H, Liu XQ, Li HZ, Lin L, Cao YH, Cui PG, et al. Clinical observation on the efficacy of domestic cetirizine in the treatment of urticaria (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Dermatology 1998;31(5):339.
Jolliffe 1985 {published data only}
    1. Jolliffe DS, Sim‐Davis D, Templeton JS. A placebo‐controlled comparative study of sustained‐release brompheniramine maleate against clemastine fumarate in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Current Medical Research & Opinion 1985;9(6):394‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Juhlin 1988 {published data only}
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Jyothi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jyothi CH, Kiran LJ, Shashikala GH, Ravindra K, Santhosh R. Comparative study on safety and efficacy of loratadine, prednisolone & their combination in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Pharmacologyonline 2011;3:988‐96. [EMBASE: 2012087113]
Kailasam 1987 {published data only}
    1. Kailasam V, Mathews KP. Controlled clinical assessment of astemizole in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioedema. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1987; Vol. 16, issue 4:797‐804. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kalimo 1980 {published data only}
    1. Kalimo K, Jansen CT. Treatment of chronic urticaria with an inhibitor of complement activation (cinnarizine). Annals of Allergy 1980;44(1):34‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kalis 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kalis B, Morel P, Prigent F. Chronic and cholinergic urticarias. Double blind comparison of mequitazine and hydroxyzine [Urticaires chroniques et cholinergiques. Etude comparative en double aveugle de la mequitazine et de l'hydroxyzine]. Medecine et Hygiene 1985;43(1604):1133‐6. [EMBASE: 1985098611]
Kalis 1996 {published data only}
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Kameyoshi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kameyoshi Y, Tanaka T, Mihara S, Takahagi S, Niimi N, Hide M. Increasing the dose of cetirizine may lead to better control of chronic idiopathic urticaria: an open study of 21 patients. British Journal of Dermatology 2007;157(4):803‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Kamide R, Niimura M, Ueda H, Imamura S, Yamamoto S, Yoshida H, et al. Clinical evaluation of ketotifen for chronic urticaria: multicenter double‐blind comparative study with clemastine. Annals of Allergy 1989;62(4):322‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kaplan 2008 {published data only}
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Kapp 2006 {published data only}
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Kawada 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kawada A, Furukawa F, Hide M. Comparative efficacy of continuous and intermittent use of epinastine for chronic urticaria in an 8‐week randomized, multicenter, parallel‐group study [Abstract]. 69th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20110204. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011;64(2 Suppl 1):AB32. [EMBASE: 70331444]
Kawashima 2002 {published data only}
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Khalaf 2008 {published data only}
    1. Khalaf AT, Liu XM, Sheng WX, Tan JQ, Abdalla AN. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine combined with dipyridamole in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2008;22(4):487‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kietzmann 1990 {published data only}
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Kim 2013 {published data only}
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Kukita 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Miura Y, Ishihara M, Takahashi H, Nonami E, et al. Investigation on the optimal dose of terfenadine: result by double blind study, double dummy method, for chronic urticaria [Terfenadine no Shiteki Toyoryo no Kento: Mansei Jimmashin o Taisho to Shita Niju Moken Genkan Hikaku Shiken Seiseki]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1985;1(9):1283‐95. [CENTRAL: CN‐00475853]
Kukita1985a {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Miura Y, Shirato A, Tagami H, Okamoto S, et al. Evaluation of therapeutic effects of terfenadine on chronic urticaria: double blind comparative study with clemastine [Terfenadine no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Yuyosei no Kenrto: Clemastine o Taisho to Shita Niju Moken Gunkan Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1985;1(9):1297‐310. [CENTRAL: CN‐00475854]
Kukita 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Okawara A, Takahashi M, Tagami H, Ishibashi Y, et al. Clinical usefulness of loratadine on chronic urticaria: multicenter double blind study in comparison with mequitazine [Loratadine no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Yuyosei no Kento: Mequitazine o Taishoyaku to Shita Tashisetsu Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1990;6(12):2689‐705. [CENTRAL: CN‐00542666]
Kukita 1990a {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Okawara A, Takahashi M, Tagami H, Ishibashi Y, et al. Dose‐finding clinical trial of loratadine on chronic urticaria: double blind controlled study [Loratadine no Shiteki Toyoryo Oyobi Toyo Hoho no Kento: Mansei Jimmashin o Taisho to Shita Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1990;6(10):2037‐50. [CENTRAL: CN‐00542675]
Kukita 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Okawara A, Takahashi M, Tagami H, Ishikawa H, et al. Phase III study of WAL801CL (Epinastine) on chronic urticaria: a double blind study in comparison with ketotifen fumarate [WAL801CL (Epinastine) Jo no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Rinsho Dai III So Shiken: Ketotifen Fumarate o Taishoyaku to Shita Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1991;7(10):2303‐20. [CENTRAL: CN‐00542689]
Kukita 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Yoshida H, Ishibashi Y, Niimura M, Yamamoto S, et al. Phase III study of LAS‐90 on chronic urticaria: double blind comparative study with ketotifen fumarate [LAS‐90 no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Rinsho Dai III So Shiken: Ketotifen Fumarate o Taishoyaku to Shita Niju Moken Hikaku Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1994;10(4):895‐912. [CENTRAL: CN‐00542704]
Kukita 1994a {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Harada S, Yoshida H, Ishibashi Y, Niimura M, Yamamoto S, et al. Late phase II study of LAS‐90 on chronic urticaria: optimal dose finding study by double‐blind technique [LAS‐90 no Mansei Jimmashin ni Taisuru Koki Rinsho Dai II So Shiken: Niju Mokenho ni Yoru Yoryo Settei Shiken]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1994;10:55‐72. [CENTRAL: CN‐00542708]
Kuokkanen 1971 {published data only}
    1. Kuokkanen K, Paavilainen O. Evaluation of slow‐releasing diphenylpyraline in chronic urticaria and various kinds of dermatites. Acta Allergologica 1971;26(6):454‐62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kuokkanen 1975 {published data only}
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Kuokkanen 1977 {published data only}
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Lambert 1990 {published data only}
    1. Lambert D, Bloom M, Danglas P. Comparative double blind study of the delay of activity, efficacy and tolerance of terfenadine versus astemizole in the treatment of idiopathic chronic urticaria [Etude comparative en double aveugle du delai d'action, de l'efficacite et de la tolerance de la terfenadine versus astemizole dans l'urticaire chronique idiopathique]. Comptes Rendus de Therapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique 1990;8(88):21‐7. [EMBASE: 1991294093]
Lambert 1993 {published data only}
    1. Lambert D, Hantzperg M, Danglas P, Bloom M. Double‐blind comparative study of terfenadine and cetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria [Etude comparative en double‐aveugle de la terfenadine et de la cetirizine dans l'urticaire chronique idiopathique]. Allergie et Immunologie 1993; Vol. 25, issue 6:235‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lambert 1993a {published data only}
    1. Lambert D, Hantzperg M, Danglas P, Bloom M. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: multicentre, double‐blind comparison of terfenadine and cetirizine [Etude comparative en double‐aveugle de la terfenadine et de la cetirizine dans l'urticaire chronique idiopathique]. Allergie et Immunologie 1993;25(6):235‐236, 238‐240. [EMBASE: 1993223997] - PubMed
Lan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lan CG, Li H, Lin YK, Wu JJ, Wang XL, Ni ZZ. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of acute and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Chinese Journal of New Drugs 2002;11(8):631‐3.
La Rosa 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rosa M, Leonardi S, Marchese G, Corrias A, Barberio G, Oggiano N, et al. Double‐blind multicenter study on the efficacy and tolerability of cetirizine compared with oxatomide in chronic idiopathic urticaria in preschool children. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2001;87(1):48‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lennox 2004a {published data only}
    1. Lennox RD, Leahy MJ. Validation of the Dermatology Life Quality Index as an outcome measure for urticaria‐related quality of life. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2004; Vol. 93, issue 2:142‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 2004 {published data only}
    1. Li H, Yin J, Wen L, Yue F, Fang Q, Wang R, et al. Mizolastine provides effective symptom relief in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized comparative study versus loratadine in China [Abstract]. American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, San Francisco, California, March 19‐23 2004. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2004;113(2 Suppl):S136. [CENTRAL: CN‐00475902]
Liu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Liu LL, Zhu XJ. A study on the efficacy and safety of astemizole versus loratadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology 2002;16(1):14‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00401668]
Magerl 2009 {published data only}
    1. Magerl M, Schmolke J, Metz M, Zuberbier T, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Prevention of signs and symptoms of dermographic urticaria by single‐dose ebastine 20 mg. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2009;34(5):e137‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Magerl 2013 {published data only}
    1. Magerl M, Rother M, Bieber T, Biedermann T, Brasch J, Dominicus R, et al. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of safety and efficacy of miltefosine in antihistamine‐resistant chronic spontaneous urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2013;27(3):e363‐9. [EMBASE: 2013118378] - PubMed
Maurer 2013a {published data only}
    1. Maurer M, Rosen K, Hsieh HJ, Saini S, Grattan C, Gimenez‐Arnau A, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. New England Journal of Medicine 2013;368(10):924‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Meloy 2009 {published data only}
    1. Meloy LD, Ratner PH, Texter MJ. The safety and tolerability of levocetirizine dihydrochloride in infants 6‐11 months with allergic rhinitis or chronic idiopathic urticaria [Abstract]. Western Society of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Meeting Wailea, HI United States. Conference Start: 20090125 Conference End: 20090129. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings 2009;30(2):210. [EMBASE: 70148903]
Monroe 1981 {published data only}
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Monroe 2005 {published data only}
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Monteseirin 1992 {published data only}
    1. Monteseirin Mateo J, Bobadilla Gonzalez P, Galindo Bonilla PA, Conde Hernandez J. Cinnarizine: a double‐blind study in patients with chronic urticaria [Estudio a doble ciego con cinarizina de pacientes con urticaria crónica]. Revista Española de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica 1992;7(2):71‐4. [EMBASE: 1992171673]
Mora 2005 {published data only}
    1. Mora PM, Gonzalez Perez Mdel C, Jimenez Villarruel M, Rodriguez Castro E, Fogelbach GG. Therapeutic options in idiopathic chronic urticaria [Opciones terapeuticas en urticaria cronica idiopatica]. Revista Alergia México 2005;52(2):77‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nakayama 1980 {published data only}
    1. Nakayama Y, Akasaka T, Baba M, Iwasaki E, Funahashi S, Nishimuta T, et al. A double blind controlled trial of azatadine maleate syrup (idulamine syrup) in children with urticaria or atopic dermatitis. Comparison of effectiveness and side effect with d chlorpheniramine maleate syrup. Rinsho Hyoka: Clinical Evaluation 1980;8(1):235‐78. [CENTRAL: CN‐00268192]
Neumann 1984 {published data only}
    1. Neumann Y. Antihistaminic therapy of chronic urticaria. Results of a multicenter study with azatadine and terfenadine [Antihistaminika‐Behandlung bei chronischer Urtikaria. Ergebnisse einer Multicenter‐Studie mit Azatadin und Terfenadin]. Fortschritte der Medizin 1984;102(38):967‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nishiyama 1996 {published data only}
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Nsouli 2013 {published data only}
    1. Nsouli SM. Efficacy of omalizumab, an anti‐IgE recombinant humanized, monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of severe chronic idiopathic urticaria patients not controlled on oral antihistamines. Conference: 2013 Annual Meeting of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Baltimore, MD United States. Conference Start: 20131107 Conference End: 2013. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2013;111(5 Suppl 1):A117. [EMBASE: 71307206]
Ormerod 1986 {published data only}
    1. Ormerod AD, Baker R, Watt J, White MI. Terfenadine and brompheniramine maleate in urticaria and dermographism. Dermatologica 1986;173(1):5‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ortonne 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ortonne J. Fexofenadine hydrochloride: a new anti‐H1 in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Study comparing the efficacy and safety of four dosage regimes [Abstract ST7‐5]. The 7th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, Nice, 7‐11 Ocober 1998. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 1998;11(Suppl 2):S103.
Paul 1984 {published data only}
    1. Paul E, Bödecker RH. Treatment of chronic urticaria with terfenadine and ranitidine. A randomized double‐blind study [Therapie der chronischen Urticaria mit Terfenadin und Ranitidin. Eine randomisierte Doppelblind‐Studie]. Allergologie 1984;7(4):159. [CENTRAL: CN‐00252061]
Paul 1985 {published data only}
    1. Paul E, Bodeker RH. Comparison between astemizole and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic urticaria: a randomised double blind study of 40 patients. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1985;60(Suppl 1):50‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Paul 1988 {published data only}
    1. Paul E, Reinel D, Ulrich R, Köhler ME. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of terfenadine administered once daily versus twice daily in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Arerugi [Allergy] 1988;43(Suppl 7):94. [CENTRAL: CN‐00267227] - PubMed
Paul 1988a {published data only}
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Paul 1988b {published data only}
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Paul 1989 {published data only}
    1. Paul E, Reinel D, Ulrich R, Kohler ME. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of terfenadine administered once daily versus twice daily in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy 1989;63(4):340‐2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Paul 1989a {published data only}
    1. Paul E, Bodeker RH. Comparative study of astemizole and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. A randomized double‐blind study of 40 patients. Annals of Allergy 1989;62(4):318‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Paul 1989b {published data only}
    1. Paul E. Comparsion of loratadine and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Results of an international multi‐centre‐study [Vergleich von Loratadin und Terfenadin in der Behandlung der chronischen idiopathischen Urticaria. Ergebnisse einer International Multi‐Center‐Studie]. Allergologie 1989;11(5):198. [CENTRAL: CN‐00661504]
Pavic 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pavic I, Hojsak I, Cepin‐Bogovic J. Evidence‐based management of chronic urticaria in children. Pediatric, Allergy, Immunology, & Pulmonology 2012;25(4):198‐207. [EMBASE: 2012732053]
Peremans 1981 {published data only}
    1. Peremans W, Mertens RL, Morias J, Campaert H. Oxatomide in the treatment of chronic urticaria. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Dermatologica 1981; Vol. 162, issue 1:42‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Presch A, Gorlich HD, Paul E. Terfenadine 120 mg vs. cetirizine 10 mg in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria [Vergleich zwischen terfenadin 120 mg und cetirizin 10 mg bei chronischer idiopathischer urtikaria. Eine kontrollierte randomisierte doppelblinde multizentrische studie]. Allergo Journal 1996;5(1):31‐5. [EMBASE: 1996071782]
Saihan 1983 {published data only}
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Salisbury 1987 {published data only}
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    1. Salmun LM, Herron JM, Banfield C, Padhi D, Lorber R, Affrime MB. The pharmacokinetics, electrocardiographic effects, and tolerability of loratadine syrup in children aged 2 to 5 years. Clinical Therapeutics 2000;22(5):613‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Shareeah 1998 {published data only}
    1. Shareeah A, Youssuf M, Deckers I, De MC. Double‐blind, parallel, randomized pilot study comparing the efficacy and tolerance of cetirizine 10 mg, mequitazine 2 x 5 mg and placebo in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic urticaria: comparison of suppressive effects on histamine‐induced weals and flares. Drug Development Research 1998;43(4):185‐92.
Shereff 1984 {published data only}
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Sim‐Davis 1983 {published data only}
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Simons 1995 {published data only}
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Singh 1987 {published data only}
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Sobye 1968 {published data only}
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Staevska 2010 {unpublished data only}
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Sussman 1991 {published data only}
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Taskapan 2000a {published data only}
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Tilles 2005 {published data only}
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Valsecchi 1984 {published data only}
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Van Cauwenberge 2004 {published data only}
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Vena 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vena GA, Cassano N, Filieri M, Filotico R, D'Argento V, Coviello C. Fexofenadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a clinical and immunohistochemical evaluation. International Journal of Immunopathology & Pharmacology 2002; Vol. 15, issue 3:217‐24. [EMBASE: 2002402529] - PubMed
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Vijay 1994 {published data only}
    1. Vijay M, Rawal RC, Billimoria FE. A comparative study of efficacy of cetirizine versus astemizole in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology 1994;60(4):203‐5. [EMBASE: 1995045872]
Wang 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wang BZ, Wang X. A randomised controlled trial of cetirizine versus chlorpheniramine maleate in the treatment of urticaria of children (Chinese). Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1998;27(3):174‐5.
Wang 2000 {published data only}
    1. Wang KY, Li CY, Yu YJ, Sun XX, Gao HR. Cetirizine in treating chronic urticaria in 113 patients. Chinese Journal of New Drugs & Clinical Remedies 2000;19(1):19‐20.
Warin 1966 {published data only}
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Weitgasser 1967 {published data only}
    1. Weitgasser H. Ambulatory testing of a new antihistaminic. Experience with Tavegil [Ambulante Prufung eines neuen Antihistaminikums. Erfahrungen mit Tavegil]. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1967;109(20):1134‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weller 2010 {published data only}
    1. Weller K, Ardelean E, Martus P, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Improved reduction of symptoms by 20 versus 5 mg desloratadine in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: first results of a randomised, double‐blind trial [Abstract]. 29th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, EAACI London United Kingdom. Conference Start: 20100605 Conference End: 20100609. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2010;65:205‐6. [EMBASE: 70177849]
Witte 2006 {published data only}
    1. Witte F. Chronic urticaria: levocetirizine improves symptoms and quality of life [Chronische urtikaria: levocetirizin bessert symptome und lebensqualitat]. Aktuelle Dermatologie 2006;32(11):454. [EMBASE: 2006599161]
Wolfram 1967 {published data only}
    1. Wolfram S. Clinical experience with a new antihistaminic [Klinische Erfahrungen mit einem neuen Antihistaminikum]. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1967;117(38):868‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Wozel G, Sahre EM, Barth J. Effectiveness of combination treatment with H1‐(Tavegyl) and H2‐antagonists (Altramet) in chronic/chronically‐recurrent urticaria [Effektivitat der Kombinationsbehandlung von H1‐(Tavegyl) und H2‐Antagonisten (Altramet) bei chronischer/chronisch rezidivierender Urtikaria]. Dermatologische Monatschrift 1990;176(11):653‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wu 1992 {published data only}
    1. Wu GX, Yang DQ. Ranitidine and cyproheptadine use together for 52 chronic hives (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology 1992;6(3):166‐7.
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    1. Yamada M, Ogino S, Horio T, Ikeda T. Effect of a new antihistamine 8599RP on chronic urticaria, with special reference to its comparison with d‐chlorpheniramine maleate. Acta Dermatologica‐Kyoto English Edition 1968;63(1):107‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Youngchaiyud U. Comparison of the efficacy of four antihistamines in chronic urticaria. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1988;71(10):548‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Zhang 1990 {published data only}
    1. Zhang CS, Shi XH, Zhang JZ. The efficacy observation of astemizole for 38 cases of chronic hives (Chinese). Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1990;19(1):38.
Zhang 1991 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HY, Zhang R, Ye ST. Multicenter, double‐blind trial of terfenadine in treatment of urticaria and allergic rhinitis in 384 patients. Chinese Journal of New Drugs & Clinical Remedies 1991;10(3):023. [CENTRAL: CN‐00715298]
Zhang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HY, Li H, Yue FM, Wang LL. A multicenter, randomized, comparative study on the safety and efficacy of mizolastine versus loratadine for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Chinese Journal of Microbiology & Immunology 2001;21(S:S):56‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00366969]
Zhao 1994 {published data only}
    1. Zhao G, Zhang ZC. Clinical observation of the short‐term efficacy of loratadine in the treatment of chronic urticaria (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Dermatology 1994;27(1):65.
Zhi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zhi Y, Zhang H, Bi Z. A multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐controlled study on the safety and efficacy of ebastine for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic rhinitis. Jiangsu Medical Journal 2004;30(3):166‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00497534]
Zhou 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zhou X, Li H, Wang J. Observation of clinical efficacy on treating urticaria with desloratadine and loratadine. Journal of Chongqing Medical University 2003;28(1):78‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00476755]
Zuberbier 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Burtin B, Rihoux JP, Czarnetzki BM. Efficacy of cetirizine in cholinergic urticaria. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1995;75(2):147‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Audi'cana 2007 {published data only}
    1. Audı´cana MTLM, Marquina A, Bressieux, JMLF, Valiente R. A double‐blind, randomized, dose‐ranging trial in four parallel groups of 10, 20 and 30 mg bilastine once daily vs placebo in the symptomatic treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 2007;17(Suppl 3):77.
Blanca Gomez 1984 {published data only}
    1. Blanca Gomez M, Lopez Perez‐Lanzac JC. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: double blind study with H1 plus H2 blockers [Urticaria cronica idiopatica: estudio a doble ciego con bloqueantes H1 mas H2]. Farmacia Clinica 1984;1(7):43‐6. [EMBASE: 1984238444]
Boggs 1989 {published data only}
    1. Boggs PB, Ellis CN, Grossman J, Washburne WF, Gupta AK, Ball R, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of terfenadine and hydroxyzine in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy 1989;63(6 Pt 2):616‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Fan XZ, Zhou Y, Liu JX. Efficacy of loratadine in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Shanghai Medical Journal 2000;21(10):25‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00352746]
Feng 2001 {published data only}
    1. Feng J, Wang J, Yu B, Jia Q, Jin Z, Zhu W, et al. Observation of the efficacy of cetirizine in treatment of chronic and acute urticaria. Chinese Journal of New Drugs 2001;10(8):613‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00382803]
Guo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guo YY, Qian JX, Tang Q, Sun ZH. Observation of the therapeutic effect on chronic urticaria treated with compound Fructus Kochiae Scopariae decoction combined with mizolastine. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2013;42(4):254‐6. [EMBASE: 2013380077]
Guo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Guo XL, Yang WB, Huang FY, Ouyang ZB. Clinical observation on the efficacy of mizolastine and ketotifen for treating chronic urticaria [Chinese]. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2014;42(11):697‐9. [EMBASE: 2014075041]
Hatano 1981 {published data only}
    1. Hatano H, Harada T, Naka W, Hada S, Ishikawa K, Nagashima M, et al. A Double‐blind Controlled Study of Azatadine Maleate Tablet (Idulamine) on Urticaria and Pruritus Cutaneus. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1981;9(2):461‐99. [CENTRAL: CN‐00268275]
Monroe 1992a {published data only}
    1. Monroe EW, Bernstein DI, Fox RW, Grabiec SV, Honsinger RW, Kalivas JT, et al. Relative efficacy and safety of loratadine, hydroxyzine, and placebo in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Arzneimittel‐Forschung 1992;42(9):1119‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Okubo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Okubo Y, Shigoka Y, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R. Double dose of cetirizine hydrochloride is effective for patients with urticaria resistant: a prospective, randomized, non‐blinded, comparative clinical study and assessment of quality of life. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2013; Vol. 24, issue 2:153‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sil 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sil A, Tripathi SK, Chaudhuri A, Das NK, Hazra A, Bagchi C, et al. Olopatadine versus levocetirizine in chronic urticaria: an observer‐blind, randomized, controlled trial of effectiveness and safety. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2013; Vol. 24, issue 6:466‐72. [EMBASE: 2013726800] - PubMed
Tanizaki 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tanizaki H, Nakahigashi K, Miyachi Y, Kabashima K. Comparison of the efficacy of fexofenadine 120 and 240 mg/day on chronic idiopathic urticaria and histamine‐induced skin responses in Japanese populations. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2013;24(6):477‐80. [EMBASE: 2013726806] - PubMed
Wang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wang AH. Effects of mizolastine vs cyproheptadine in treating chronic urticaria. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine 2002;3(17):33‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00451399]
Zhang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Shang T. Observation of therapeutic effect of mizolastine combined with compound glycyrrhizin in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2012;41(11):695‐8. [EMBASE: 2013056366]
Zhang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang W, Xu XY, Wang N, Wu SY, Shi Y. Montelukast combined with cetirizine in the treatment of refractory urticaria: a clinical observation [Chinese]. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2013;42(5):317‐8. [EMBASE: 2013442383]
Zhu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhu Y. Therapeutic effect and safety of mizolastine in the treatment of urticaria and allergic rhinitis. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2012;41(11):699‐701. [EMBASE: 2013056367]

References to ongoing studies

CTRI/2014/04/004545 {unpublished data only}
    1. CTRI/2014/04/004545. Comparison of efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness of rupatadine and olopatadine, anti‐histaminics, in patient of urticaria. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=8753 (accessed 2 June 2014).
EudraCT: 2004‐000771‐34 {unpublished data only}
    1. EudraCT: 2004‐000771‐34. A 6‐week multicentre, double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study to assess the efficacy and safety of rupatadine 10 and 20 mg in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU): a phase III clinical trial. clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/search?query=eudract_number:2004‐00... (accessed 3 July 2013).
EudraCT: 2005‐002749‐38 {unpublished data only}
    1. EudraCT: 2005‐002749‐38. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled exploratory trial to evaluate a one‐week oral treatment with R129160 (60 mg o.d.) in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/search?query=eudract_number:2005‐00... (accessed 3 July 2013).
JPRN‐UMIN000001163 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000001163. Study of optimal treatment duration with antihistamine in idiopathic urticaria patients. www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm (accessed 24 June 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000003290 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000003290. Study of the antipruritic effect and onset of sleepiness with oral antihistamines. //www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm (accessed 24 June 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000008062 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000008062. A study evaluating efficacy of non‐sedative antihistamine up‐titration in patients with chronic urticaria who did not respond to standard therapy. www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm (accessed 24 June 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000008461 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000008461. A study on the optimal treatment for chronic idiopathic urticaria insufficient for the second‐generation antihistamines. www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm (accessed 24 June 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000010265 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000010265. Preliminary trial of the increase of antihistamines in dose and a combination of different antihistamine on refractory spontaneous urticaria. www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm (accessed 24 June 2014).
NCT00199238 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00199238. A 4‐week dose‐finding, multicentre, double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group trial to assess the efficacy and safety of different doses of rupatadine compared to placebo in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria [Efficacy of rupatadine 5, 10 and 20 mg in chronic idiopathic urticaria]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00199238 (accessed 3 July 2013).
NCT00199251 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00199251. Efficacy and safety of rupatadine 10 and 20 mg in chronic idiopathic urticaria. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00199251 (accessed 3 July 2013).
NCT00421109 {unpublished data only}
    1. EudraCT: 2006‐001245‐33. Double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, phase III study comparing the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg once daily and levocetirizine 5 mg for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria [Estudio en fase III, doble ciego, randomizado, controlado con placebo, comparativo de la eficacia y seguridad de bilastina 20 mg una vez al día y levocetirizina 5 mg para el tratamiento de la urticaria crónica idiopática”]. clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/search?query=eudract_number:2006‐00... (accessed 3 July 2013).
    1. NCT00421109. Efficacy study for the symptomatic treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00421109 (accessed 3 July 2013).
NCT00751166 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00751166. A comparative double‐blind, double‐dummy study of desloratadine (dl) 5 mg once daily, cetirizine 10 mg once daily, and placebo once daily in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria (study p03736) (terminated). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00751166 (accessed 3 July 2013).
NCT00751218 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00751218. A comparative double‐blind, double‐ dummy study of desloratadine (dl) 5 mg once daily, cetirizine 10 mg once daily, and placebo once daily in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria (study p03735) (completed). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00751218 (accessed 3 July 2013).
NCT00783354 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00783354. A comparison of Aerius continuous treatment versus Aerius prn for chronic idiopathic urticaria (study p03147)(completed). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00783354 (accessed 3 July 2013).

Additional references

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