Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2015 Feb;92(2):437-47.
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0138. Epub 2014 Nov 24.

Pilot cluster randomized controlled trials to evaluate adoption of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions and their combination in rural western Kenya

Garret Christensen  1 , Holly N Dentz  2 , Amy J Pickering  2 , Tomoé Bourdier  2 , Benjamin F Arnold  2 , John M Colford Jr  2 , Clair Null  2
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Pilot cluster randomized controlled trials to evaluate adoption of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions and their combination in rural western Kenya

Garret Christensen et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Feb.

Abstract

In preparation for a larger trial, the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Benefits pilot study enrolled 72 villages and 499 subjects in two closely related randomized trials of WASH interventions in rural western Kenya. Intervention households received hardware and promotion for one of the following: water treatment, sanitation and latrine improvements, handwashing with soap, or the combination of all three. Interventions were clustered by village. A follow-up survey was conducted 4 months after intervention delivery to assess uptake. Intervention households were significantly more likely than controls to have chlorinated stored water (36-60 percentage point increases), covers over latrine drop holes (55-75 percentage point increases), less stool visible on latrine floors (16-47 percentage point reductions), and a place for handwashing (71-85 percentage point increases) with soap available (49-66 percentage point increases). The high uptake in all arms shows that combined interventions can achieve high short-term adoption rates if well-designed.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Participant recruitment and follow-up during the WASH Benefits Kenya Pilot, 2011–2012.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Intervention hardware.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Crimmins EM, Finch CE. Infection, inflammation, height, and longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:498–503. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM., Jr Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:42–52. - PubMed
    1. Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhoea in Developing Countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation; 2009. 2009. http://www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer_public/2012/05/07/17.pdf Available at. Accessed August 8, 2014.
    1. Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, Cavill S, Allen E, Uauy R. Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD009382. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Arnold BF, Null C, Luby SP, Unicomb L, Stewart CP, Dewey KG, Ahmed T, Ashraf S, Christensen G, Clasen T, Dentz HN, Fernald LCH, Haque R, Hubbard AE, Kariger P, Leontsini E, Lin A, Njenga SM, Pickering AJ, Ram PK, Tofail F, Winch P, Colford JM., Jr Cluster-randomized controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits Study design and rationale. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003476. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources