Newcastle disease virus vaccine encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles for mucosal delivery of a human vaccine

Abstract

An overwhelming number of medicines on the market are oral medicine with the disadvantage of lower bioavailability universally. Newcastle disease (ND) has become a serious disease that threatens the poultry industries in many countries, and there are no treatments available for ND. The biodegradable materials could be surface modified and protect antigen or DNA from damage. Furthermore, nanoparticles are also a potential drug delivery with proper size. However, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines encapsulated in nanoparticles were widely used due to their proved a high safety and induced quicker and better mucosal and humoral immune responses. Here we review the results of mucosal immune delivery system for ND. Due to the safety, low toxicity, and better immunogenicity of the mucosal immune delivery system, our studies provide a clearly view that used the biodegradable materials to research and develop the human vaccines to save more patients' lives. These promising results provide a foundation for testing the approach in humans.

Keywords: L)-lactic-co-glycolic acid; Newcastle disease; Poly (D; chitosan; mucosal immunity delivery system; nanoparticles.

Figure 1. Transmission electron microscopy micrograph of the NDV vaccine nanoparticles. (A) pFNDV-PLGA-NPs(magnification 10,000 × ); (B) pFNDV-CS-NPs(magnification 30,000 × ); (C) NDV-CS-NPs (magnification 25,000 × ). Abbreviations: NDV, Newcastle disease virus; pFNDV-PLGA-NPs, the F gene of Newcastle disease virus encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles; pFNDV-CS-NPs, Newcastle disease virus F gene encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles; NDV-CS-NPs, lentogenic live-virus vaccine against Newcastle disease virus.

Figure 2. In vitro expression of the NDV vaccine nanoparticles by western blotting. (A) In vitro expression of the pFNDV-PLGA-NPs in BHK cells. Lane 1: protein marker; Lane 2: the naked plasmid DNA groups; Lane 3: the plasmid DNA from pFNDV-PLGA-NPs transfected group; Lane 4: blank PLGA-NPs group; Lane 5: BHK cells group as the negative control; (B) In vitro expression of the pFNDV-CS-NPs in 293T cells. Lane 1: pFNDV-CS-NPs transfected group; Lane 2: naked plasmid DNA groups; M: Protein marker; Lane 3: 293T cells as the negative control; Lane 4: blank CS-NP group; (C) Detection of the NDV structural proteins after encapsulation by western blot. M: Protein marker; Lane 1: Original NDV fluid; Lane 2: NDV recovered from the NDV-CS-NPs. Four positive reaction bands were detected at 75 kDa (HN), 54 kDa (F), 45 kDa (P), and 41 kDa (M). Abbreviations: CS, chitosan; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; pFNDV-PLGA-NPs, the F gene of Newcastle disease virus encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles; pFNDV-CS-NPs, Newcastle disease virus F gene encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles; HN, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein; F, fusionprotein; P, phosphoprotein; M, matrix protein.

Figure 3. IgG antibody titers in immune SPF chickens. (A) IgG antibody titers in serum of SPF chickens immunized with PBS (IM), blank PLGA-NPs (IM), blank PLGA-NPs (IN), and the naked plasmid DNA (IM), pFNDV-PLGA-NPs (IM), pFNDV-PLGA-NPs (IN) or pFNDV-PLGA-NPs (IM/IN); (B) IgG antibody titers in serum of SPF chickens immunized with PBS (IM), blank CS-NP (IM), blank CS-NP (IN), and the naked plasmid DNA (IM), pFNDV-CS-NPs (IM), pFNDV-CS-NPs (IN); (C) IgG antibody titers in serum of SPF chickens immunized with NDV-CS-NPs orally, NDV-CS-NPs intranasally, LaSota live vaccine intranasally, inactivated NDV vaccines, blank CS-NPs control, and physiological saline by oral route. Abbreviations: CS, chitosan; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; IM, intramuscularly; IN, intranasally; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; pFNDV-PLGA-NPs, the F gene of Newcastle disease virus encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles; pFNDV-CS-NPs, Newcastle disease virus F gene encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles; HN, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein; F, fusionprotein; P, phosphoprotein; M, matrix protein.